How to be a better writer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

How to be a better writer - Essay Example Also, several books are available to teach these principles. Once the principles have been learnt, then one needs to develop vocabulary. Learning some new words on daily basis is a very good practice and causes one’s vocabulary to expand. This helps in writing because one knows what the exact word that should be used in a sentence to convey the meaning as one intends to be conveyed to the audience is. These days, dictionaries both in book form and those available online are very good sources of vocabulary building. Once sufficient vocabulary has been built, one should practice writing papers of each type. In the start, it will take time. But as time passes, one will develop speed and will be able to write more in less time. Also, the quality of writing may not be very good in the start, but as one practices more, the quality of writing starts to improve. One needs to practice writing daily to achieve

Inclusive Instructional Strategies & Accommodations Essay Example for Free

Inclusive Instructional Strategies Accommodations Essay Diana Pastora Carson is a special education teacher and founder of Ability Awareness in Action organization. She always had an interest in changing the lives of disabled people from pitiful life and exclusion to inclusion and life full of dignity and hope. The concern in Diana’s nature came from presence of a brother who was preserved from others as a disabled and dependent human being. Diana’s Brother, Joaquin, was diagnosed with Autism at an early age. While he was in school, he had been placed in an exclusive classroom for students with significant mental retardation. He was twice placed in a state institute due to misunderstanding of his character and his attempts to communicate with his services. Currently, Joaquin resides in a state institute, where he is ill, emotionally and physically, from being locked up in a building away from his friends and family. He expressed his feelings about living in such environment to his sister in a painful way as he once said: â€Å"Diana, people are so boring here†. His family has been trying to get him out of there as soon as possible. They have also taken his case to the court and are waiting for the final decision to be made. They want to get Joaquin out of there and bring him in a home of his own with people who love him instead of staying in that institute any longer. The training, titled ‘Inclusive Instructional Strategies and Accommodations’, is about including all children, whether they have a disability or not, in general education classrooms specifically, and in the community, generally. Everybody deserves to belong to and live in their communities. A teacher has an enormous role in making all students belong to that classroom through her knowledge about each and every student of his/hers, and through recognizing uniqueness in each one of them. This should make the teacher create a supportive environment that meets each student’s needs, and an atmosphere that promotes acceptance of differences and diversity, learning, hope, and collaboration. Moreover, the teacher is responsible for building a curriculum that meets each student’s level and accommodates tests and homework. A great teacher would avoid labels that discriminate individuals with disabilities to avoid lower expectations. Those labels may help professionals recognize what disabilities the students have, in order to provide them with services that meet their needs. However, people within the same label or disabilities may vary; therefore, we cannot always judge someone based on the labels. Moreover, it is very unprofessional to address someone by his/her disabilities as no one likes to be looked at for something that they did not choose for his/her self and it may affect his/her self-confidence. Students’ dignity must be preserved by the teacher and whoever is around, for instance, peers, and family. Professionals working with disabled people should advocate the community about appreciation of diversity and encourage students to speak out their thoughts, make choices, and blend in the society. Most importantly, the teachers should listen to students attentively; look at their body language, written expressions, and vocalization for effective communication. During the training, many strategies and activities to develop a classroom community were shared by Diana, such as setting roles for the classroom, encouraging reading books that promote diversity and discussions, and different cooperative games. Diana also explained how a customized lesson should be designed as a teacher must know her/his students in order to alter lessons based on each student’s needs. Teachers should also know how to model, guide, and measure students’ independent achievements through knowledge of students’ strengths and limitations. Diana enlightened the importance of giving students’ time to process new information, retrieve old information, and speak out their answers. It is very important to break the lesson into smaller parts along with asking questions in between to check students’ comprehension and to encourage discussions about the lesson. It is very essential to bring movement and interaction into the curriculum, serve the different types of intelligences and most importantly honor every student for who he/she is and be aware of the impact teaching will have on his/her future life. Furthermore, visual aids can assist students in organizing their thoughts, memorizing them, and make learning more enjoyable and personal to them. Finally, commitment to learning, inclusion of all children, and building a quality future for each child is a must step for developing a loving community where everyone belongs. By having a brother with a disability, whose community isolated him from others by not providing him with education programs that serves his needs, making public places inaccessible for him, and not advocating the public about disabilities, Diana has learned to honor diversity and anyone who is working towards treating people with disabilities with dignity and respect. It has encouraged her to change the lives of those who are different from normal people, whether with a disability or not. It has motivated her to include all of them in a classroom that promotes collaboration, understanding, and hope. Furthermore, it has opened her eyes to the importance of advocating the society about disabilities and their inclusion, to change the image and future of the disabled in the community.

Unnecessary Censorship of Literature :: Argumentative Persuasive Argument Essays

Unnecessary Censorship of Literature Article One of the Bill of Rights tells us â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.† A censor is defined as an official or government entity that removes or restricts books, plays, the news media, etc. in order to suppress information or ideas that are considered objectionable on moral, political, religious, military, or other grounds (1). Censored. Banned. Challenged. These three words have loomed large in the past decade. In 1999, the number of reported challenges against books declined to 472, down from 762 in 1995 (2). According to the American Library Association’s site on the most frequently challenged books of the decade, â€Å"topping the list is Scary Stories (Series) by Alvin Schwartz, accused of â€Å"being too scary† and â€Å"unsuited to age group,† followed by Daddy’s Roommate by Michael Willhoite, accused of â€Å"promoting homosexuality as a normal lifestyle.† The rest of the 10 most frequently challenged books of the decade were I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings by Maya Angelou (3), The Chocolate War by Robert Cormier (4), The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain (5), Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck (6), Forever by Judy Blume (7), Bridge to Terabithia by Katherine Paterson (8), Heather Has Two Mommies by Leslea Newman (9) and The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. S alinger (10).† Books have been challenged and banned for a number of reasons including: objectionable, lurid, profane, vulgar, and obscene as in a case from Fairbanks, Alaska where the Bible was challenged but retained. The same happened in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania with reasons cited that it â€Å"contains language and stories that are inappropriate for children of any age,† including tales of incest and murder. â€Å"There are more than three hundred examples of ‘obscenities’ in the book.† (3) Other well-known books that are frequently challenged include Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn, which uses the word ‘nigger’ thirty-nine times in the first thirty-five pages of the book. Groups such as the NAACP have pushed for the removal of Huck Finn from required reading lists but say that they are not out to censor the book. The Pennsylvania chapter of the NAACP feels that the liberal use of such a derogatory word is detrimental to the self-esteem of young African-American children (4).

Dr. Faustus Essay: A Historicism Approach to Doctor Faustus

A Historicism Approach to Doctor Faustus A young man studies theology his entire life and in turn receives his Doctrine in this field. One lonesome and desperate night, he decides to ignore God and fulfill his deepest desires. Hence, he conjures up a servant of Lucifer and agrees to sell his soul only if he can receive whatever or whomever he desires. This is the story of Christopher Marlowe's Doctor Faustus. Doctor Faustus is a doctor of theology that wants no limits on what he can know or see or do so he sells his soul to the devil to gain these desires. While reading or observing Marlowe's fascinating play the reader or observer should apply the "New Historicism Approach," and take in to consideration Marlowe's and the 1590s society's beliefs, habits of thought, and biases about various concepts of obtaining the "forbidden knowledge". Like the people of the 1590s, Doctor Faustus searches for the "forbidden knowledge", begins to deny God during his quest for greater knowledge, and gains nothing from his vain activities throughout his lifetime. After these listed characteristics have been established one can begin to visualize the relationship between Marlowe's, Doctor Faustus and the beliefs and thoughts of the people of the 1590s. Christopher Marlowe uses his eager character, Doctor Faustus, to display the people of the 1590s deep desire to grasp the "forbidden knowledge." A doctor of theology, one that unseemingly knows everything about his study of religion begins to inquire about the enhancement of his knowledge: "Negromantic books are heavenly; Lines, circles, letters, characters-Ay, these are those that Faustus most desires" (Act I: Scene I: Line 48-5... ...hether or not they should have published or talked about their findings arouse in their minds. Therefore, just as Faustus regrets his actions so do the people of the 1590s regret their discovers' impression on others of their time. Summing up Christopher Marlowe's conceptions about the people of the 1590s through Doctor Faustus are clearly established when using the historicism approach. Persons of the later centuries' societies, such as Charles Darwin and Galileo, can be related to Doctor Faustus and looked upon as a Faust figure because in many ways their characteristics are alike. One can very well observe that the people of the 1590s just as Doctor Faustus lead several searches for the "forbidden knowledge" that lead to the unimaginable. These very attempts to obtain the unobtainable caused their loss of faith in God and gain of fewer benefits.

Gun control

Burnett states, that Colorado State University allowed concealed carry on campus without any problems, and it resulted in a decrease of their crime rate from 800 to 200 over the 6 years to 2008 (Students Should Have the Right To). The concealed weapons must have been helping the crime rate stay down in their school. Although the concealed weapons seemed like a good idea Dickerson believes that they should not be allowed, because they would increase the crimes committed. Dickerson explains, that studies done at colleges by the F.B. I conclude that guns were used 54% of the time to inflict violence upon people in 272 deferent issues. On the other hand would you really want to Increase that chance by allowing students to have guns on campus. College students may need the eight to defend themselves, but who is to say that they are even mature enough to have their own gun on campus. A lot of college student do stupid things as a result of what others are doing. Do you really think adding guns to that would be a good idea.Dickerson believes that even though students may be mature enough to have a gun, their brains are still developing during this time. Many studies of brain development show that college students seek riskier behavior and also do not consider their consequences very well (Dickerson). Increasing the chance of risk and poor decisions y adding guns would not help out the students or the college out very well. Burnett believes that college students should be able to have a gun on campus for the reason that they should have the right to defend themselves.Burnett argues that student are holding protest to try and get some protection for themselves through concealed carry. The idea of having classes or activities that show students how to have their gun safe and secure Is also brought up In order to try and help with getting them protection (Burnett). On the other hand, the students do need to have more retention than just signs that wont stop anyone from br inging a gun and inflicting violence anyway. The argument that comes to the occasion is that the college campuses are not as safe as they are made out to be.Anyone could just sneak a gun in and do what they want with no one to stop them except the police that arrive later on. When colleges are putting up gun free zone signs all over certain student see the harm they want to do(Burnett). Burnett says one important thing through these words: â€Å"What is less well known is that there have been more than a dozen other college hooting since Virginia Tech. You probably didn't hear about most of them because there wasn't enough blood to earn a cover story, but each of these attacks had one thing in common.They all occurred under the same banner: â€Å"gun-free zone. â€Å"(Burnett). The final argument by Dickerson is that having guns on the campus would cause injuries, homicides and accidental shootings. Dickerson explains this by showing that in college student age groups student hav e been assaulted by another student over 696,000 different times. If student are already hurting one another while run why would allowing guns on campus make that better. It would Just cause student to do even more dumb things. Gun control Burnett states, that Colorado State University allowed concealed carry on campus without any problems, and it resulted in a decrease of their crime rate from 800 to 200 over the 6 years to 2008 (Students Should Have the Right To). The concealed weapons must have been helping the crime rate stay down in their school. Although the concealed weapons seemed like a good idea Dickerson believes that they should not be allowed, because they would increase the crimes committed. Dickerson explains, that studies done at colleges by the F.B. I conclude that guns were used 54% of the time to inflict violence upon people in 272 deferent issues. On the other hand would you really want to Increase that chance by allowing students to have guns on campus. College students may need the eight to defend themselves, but who is to say that they are even mature enough to have their own gun on campus. A lot of college student do stupid things as a result of what others are doing. Do you really think adding guns to that would be a good idea.Dickerson believes that even though students may be mature enough to have a gun, their brains are still developing during this time. Many studies of brain development show that college students seek riskier behavior and also do not consider their consequences very well (Dickerson). Increasing the chance of risk and poor decisions y adding guns would not help out the students or the college out very well. Burnett believes that college students should be able to have a gun on campus for the reason that they should have the right to defend themselves.Burnett argues that student are holding protest to try and get some protection for themselves through concealed carry. The idea of having classes or activities that show students how to have their gun safe and secure Is also brought up In order to try and help with getting them protection (Burnett). On the other hand, the students do need to have more retention than just signs that wont stop anyone from br inging a gun and inflicting violence anyway. The argument that comes to the occasion is that the college campuses are not as safe as they are made out to be.Anyone could just sneak a gun in and do what they want with no one to stop them except the police that arrive later on. When colleges are putting up gun free zone signs all over certain student see the harm they want to do(Burnett). Burnett says one important thing through these words: â€Å"What is less well known is that there have been more than a dozen other college hooting since Virginia Tech. You probably didn't hear about most of them because there wasn't enough blood to earn a cover story, but each of these attacks had one thing in common.They all occurred under the same banner: â€Å"gun-free zone. â€Å"(Burnett). The final argument by Dickerson is that having guns on the campus would cause injuries, homicides and accidental shootings. Dickerson explains this by showing that in college student age groups student hav e been assaulted by another student over 696,000 different times. If student are already hurting one another while run why would allowing guns on campus make that better. It would Just cause student to do even more dumb things. Gun Control Argumentative Essay against Gun Control Since 1980, forty-four states have passed laws allowing gun owners to carry concealed weapons outside their homes for personal protection. (Five additional states had these laws before 1980. Illinois is the sole holdout. ) A federal ban on the possession, transfer, or manufacture of semiautomatic assault weapons, passed in 1994, was allowed to expire in 2004.In 2005, Florida passed the Stand Your Ground law, an extension of the so-called castle doctrine, exonerating from prosecution citizens who use deadly force when confronted by an assailant, even if they could have retreated safely; Stand Your Ground laws expand that protection outside the home to any place that an individual â€Å"has a right to be. † Twenty-four states have passed similar laws. Guns, therefore, are necessary in today's society for our protection There is no point to implement gun control considering the reality that criminals will still find a way to procure guns if they want to do so.Criminals will always make sure to have access to the guns that they need to execute their crimes successfully. They usually have connections to other influential people that can provide them with the guns and weapons that they need in order to execute their crimes. The bottom line is that if the criminals want to have access to guns, they will be able to get them even if there is a gun control policy in place. This law will not stop them from having guns if they are desperate to have them.Implementing a gun control policy will not really be effective in making all guns vanish in society. This policy will also not do anything to make guns safer in society. The reality is that guns have become necessary at present so that people can safeguard themselves, their families and their properties from any harm or danger that could be done to them by criminals. Thus, if guns are already banned in society, the people can no longer have access to something that can be very effective in ensuring their safety and security (Jacobs 2002, p. 6). It is undeniable that guns have an intimidating presence and can help prevent criminals from executing their evil plans. While it may be true that people can learn self-defence to protect themselves and their families from criminals in the absence of guns, the reality is that not all people have the time and commitment to actually learn this. They will find it hard to make the necessary adjustments and be forced to learn something that is not natural for them. Thus, the gun control policy will be more detrimental to society.It is important to also face the reality that implementing the gun control policy will not do anything to make society safer. The truth is that it is not the guns that kill people. People are the ones killing one another. Thus, even if there is a gun control policy in place, people will still kill others with guns that they secured illegally if they are really desperate to do so. It can also be noticed that in most cases where guns are involved, the guns were purchased illegally and therefore unregistered (Spitzer 2009, p. 24).This only proves that guns can still be acquired by people with the ill intention to kill or hurt others even if there is a gun control policy in place. Aside from this, guns can have the capability to prevent criminals from executing their crimes without them even being used by their owners. This is because the criminals will start hesitating to pursue their evil intentions once they are able to see that the people they are trying to kill or hurt also own guns to protect themselves. This is how guns can help to reduce the crime rates in society (Lott 2010, p. 38).However, if a gun control policy is in effect, all of this will not be possible anymore as the criminals who obtained their guns illegally will have an easier time in victimizing their targets. In addition, if a gun control policy is in effect, the criminals will simply find ways to use oth er weapons so that they can still execute their evil acts. Guns are not the only weapons that can be used at present by criminals. Even the ordinary things that can be found in the environment can already be converted to dangerous weapons by criminal at present. This reality makes the gun control policy even more futile and ridiculous.

Free Essays on Censorship In Music

change to be acceptable for all audiences. This does not include cable television, which can be audited by parents since the parents must order and pay for the channel to be v... Free Essays on Censorship in Music Free Essays on Censorship in Music Censorship in Music Censorship in music is a topic that has brought about much controversy in the past two decades. There have been many different arguments on the topic, however the question still remains as if it should be censored or it should not be censored. Before you can form an opinion on this, you must hear both sides of the argument on this much-debated topic. Some people believe that music should be censored so all audiences can hear it without it containing any controversial lyrics. Others believe it should not be censored and musical artists should be able to speak, sing, rap, or rhyme freely without anyone censoring them. "Whether a person finds a work obscene depends largely on his or her moral or religious beliefs. These views change with each generation and further complicate the censorship dilemma." (Censorship by, Bradley Steffens page 97) The quote above is very true. Religious or moral beliefs have a great influence on how a person feels about censorship, and as generations pass on the common beliefs on it may change. Right now, America is more uncensored than ever. However, things were very different a few generations ago. Some people believe music should be censored. They believe some of the language musical artists use is vulgar, obscene, and crude. Also the fact that music is played on medias such as radio and television, which are free to listen to by all audiences, and there are many parents that would not wish for their kids to hear foul language. So on radio and television any controversial language is either silenced, edited out by a soft sound, or some artists make two versions of their songs; one that is made for the artist's album, which is uncensored; and one for television and radio with any controversial words change to be acceptable for all audiences. This does not include cable television, which can be audited by parents since the parents must order and pay for the channel to be v... Free Essays on Censorship In Music â€Å"Congress shall make no law†¦ abridging the freedom of speech.†(United States Constitution) However, it seems almost everywhere; many forms of art are being unfairly censored. One such form that is often overlooked as art is music. â€Å"Music is probably the most censored of all art forms†(The Economist; p 73) There are hundreds of artists who have been unfairly censored, ranging from popular music from artists such as Eminem, 2 Live Crew, and NWA, to classical music, such as Mozart’s Figaro. However unfair and unconstitutional this censorship is, the fact is that questionable music and lyrics are encouraging impressionable young children to follow their messages. Rappers like DMX or NWA, preaching gang violence often are â€Å"the straw that breaks the camel’s back,† and finally pushes a child looking for guidance into the world of gangs. The truth is that these children need to be protected from the harsh realities of the world surround ing them, but is censoring music the right way to do it? â€Å"No corporation can exist without authority of government. Government shouldn’t allow corporations that infect and contaminate the minds of children to be allowed to exist.† (Dr. C. Delores Tucker before senate subcommittee). This is one solution that seems to make good sense to many to support the censorship of music. Music of artists such as NWA, who urges their listners to say, â€Å"F*ck the Police,† or Eminem, who says he’ll â€Å"Kill You,† surround children, especially in urban areas. This type of music encourages children to get into drugs and gang violence. In the past eight years, the period in which â€Å"gangsta† rap has been heavily promoted, teenage drug use has increased more than four-fold (Dr. C Delores Tucker). The government is the underlying power that allows corporations to send messages like these to children, and the government is the only resource we can use to stop it. â€Å"Young people often look to performin. ..

Islamic Fundamentalism Replaces Communism Essay

Islamic Fundamentalism Replaces Communism Essay Free Online Research Papers Islamic fundamentalism has replaced communism as the enemy of the day. But despite the growing perception in this country that Islamic fundamentalism poses a threat to the United States, many Americans have only a minimal understanding of who Islamic fundamentalists are, what they believe and why their ranks continue to grow. Misconceptions are common, with one-dimensional views of Islamic fundamentalists as violent extremists prevailing over more nuanced understandings of a movement that is complex and diverse. Context, say scholars, is everything, and the political and economic climate that pertains in many Muslim countries, particularly in the Middle East, fuels Islamist movements that go beyond respect and reverence for the Islamic religion to adopt Islam as a political strategy or that refer to Islamic principles in calling for social and political reforms. These â€Å"Islamist† movements have developed increasing popular support as other efforts at economic and political reform in Muslim societies have failed. Woman Half the Man Islamic sacred law, the Shari`a, has been regarded by Muslims as a perfect, divinely ordained religious-ethical-legal system. The Shari`a relates Muslims to Gods purposes by providing comprehensive directives in the two spheres of human activity: those actions that relate humanity to God, and those that relate humans to fellow humans. The former actions are categorized as `ibadat (literally, acts of honoring God, technically, God-human relationships) and the latter is known as mu`amalat (literally, transactions, technically, interhuman relationships). Whereas the God-human relations have remained more or less immutable in the Shari`a, the area of interhuman relationships has demanded a rethinking and reinterpretation of the normative sources like the Quran and the Sunna (Tradition) to deduce new directives under changed social conditions. There are problems connected with the way normative sources are retrieved and interpreted by Muslim jurists which have hampered the necessary progr ess towards one particular area in the interhuman relationships, namely, the personal status of Muslim women. The juridical deliberations in the exclusively male-oriented traditional centers of Islamic learning, the madrasa, have disregarded female voices in the emerging discourse connected with womens issues and human rights. The redefinition of the status of a Muslim woman in modern society is one of the major issues that confront Muslims. But such a redefinition is dependent upon Muslim womens participation in the legal- ethical deliberations concerning matters whose situational aspects can be determined only by women themselves. Without their participation in legal-ethical deliberations, womens rights will always depend on a representational discourse conducted by male jurists who, in spite of their good intentions, treats the subject as absent and hence, lacking the necessary qualification to determine her rights in a patriarchal society. Osama Bin Laden In todays society, we still see the Islamic religion affect the world around us. An Islam militant named Osama bin Laden has been using this religion to get people on his side and attack other countries for the good of Islam. He thinks more killings will get his people closer to paradise. This militant and his terrorist group has told US that they are declaring a holy war on US; thus, the United States struck back with missiles to destroy some of their weapons and arsenal. The Islamic religion has affected many things in this world from the past and present, which proves this is a popular religion in many cultures. Research Papers on Islamic Fundamentalism Replaces CommunismJean-Jaques Rousseau EmileThe Equal Rights AmendmentGlobal Distributive Justice is UtopianSociology is a ScienceLegalization of Same Sex MarriagesDeontological Teleological TheoriesThe Colour PurpleCombating Human TraffickingQuebec and CanadaJoel Kovel’s The Enemy of Nature

Taxation without representatio essays

Taxation without representatio essays During the colonization of the new world England was strongly against allowing colonies to engage in manufacturing their own goods and products as a form of econmic stability america. From the English point of view and mindset, I would completely agree how they ran the government and their colonies. They wanted to maintain the dependency that the group of people whom left England had on the motherland. Any country would do the same because of the great losses you would recieve in economnics if a large portion of working people left and formed their own independant group. The colonies manufacturing their own goods would mean that England would be unable to reap tax dues, and benefit from exporting to the new world. So, of course as the English motherland, I would feel they are totally correct. Why would you want to let a large amount of people stray off from your country and cause your economics to come to a downfall. As a large power you want control of everything. It would be intolerable for the new colonies to break off from England. Also, if the colonies manufactured their own goods they would self-harvest the ingredients/items/materials to create the goods. Another loss of money for the British. If colonists created copper pots for an inn, without importing from England, this would mean that the English don't tax the product, they don't get money for the copper material, and they get no money for the pots. Although this is a rare prediciment, it is how I could best explain the situation. I totally agree with what the English were doing and even know because we overcame them to become the great country we are today, the English was doing the right thing. While England wanted the new colonies to prosper, it was not for independance, it was to support the motherland. Some people could probably see the English as being tyrants and terrible people during the times they oppressed the colonies and forced strict laws ...

International People Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

International People Management - Case Study Example On some of these occasions, I was also able to improve matters. The "Forming" phase is when the team members first meet, introductions are made and the team members start to get along (or at least try to do so). I saw my contribution here as being strong, because I like to make acquaintances and it is a natural thing for me to make the first contact. The second phase, "Storming", is when the team starts to move towards a defined result. This is where differences of opinion may arise, for example about what result is in fact required or how to get that result. Sometimes personal preferences or even tempers may slow down progress, and the polite behaviour of the first phase ("Forming") may give way to open confrontation. My contribution at the beginning was neither strong, nor weak. I have my own opinions and at times did not agree with other members of the team. However, the experience of working with colleagues and understanding that two people can have different points of view without necessarily being wrong on either side was a good one for me . It prepared me better for the third phase of "Norming". In "Norming", team members have got to know one another and can get down to doing productive work. Thanks to the "Storming" phase, I was much better able to contribute to the "Norming" phase, and to accept and make best use of the differences in background and approach of the different team members. As we had all selected different papers to critique as one of the exercises in the "International People Management" module, there was healthy discussion and exchange of information on the different subjects that team members had chosen. There is always room for improvement, but I felt that I had strength in this phase. My personal disappointment was not being able to fully participate in the fourth phase of the team interactions, that of "Performing". In this fourth phase, Tuckman defines the team working together efficiently and in cooperation to move to a common goal. Not participating as I might have wanted to in the presentation with the critique that I had done on Harzing's paper on international management transfers was a shame. I felt that I had strength in this area, but I also understand that part of the strength of team working is to understand when the team is better served by letting other people take the lead. In this sense, I believe that I learnt something and further improved my capabilities and experience here. Although Tuckman' model is probably best-known in its version with four phases, he also added a fifth one later, which he called "Adjourning" for the break-up of the team, for example at the end of a project. We did not really accomplish such a fifth phase (or really only ve ry informally). The Belbin role model This second model defined by Belbin deals with the different roles that team members can take within a team. The Belbin model is quite detailed and a team member may play several roles at the same time. This is often the case for teams with a small number of team members. Dr Meredith Belbin defined nine separate roles, each role being "a tendency to behave, contribute and interrelate with others in a particular way." I describe the roles below and

Personality Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Personality Research - Essay Example What made matters worse was that scales with the same name often measure concepts that are not the same, and scales with different names often measure concepts that are quite similar. Although diversity and scientific pluralism are useful, the systematic accumulation of findings and the communication among researchers became difficult amidst the Babel of concepts and scales. In this paper, we would be discussing on the commonalities and continuing controversies in personality research. Many personality researchers had hoped that they might devise the structure that would transform the Babel into a community speaking a common language. However, such integration was not to be achieved by any one researcher or by any one theoretical perspective. As Allport once put it, "each assessor has his own pet units and uses a pet battery of diagnostic devices" (1958, p. 258). What personality psychology needed was a descriptive model, or taxonomy, of its subject matter. One of the central goals of scientific taxonomies is the definition of overarching domains within which large numbers of specific instances can be understood in a simplified way. Thus, in personality psychology, taxonomy would permit researchers to study specified domains of personality characteristics, rather than examining separately the thousands of particular attributes that make human beings individual and unique. Moreover, a generally accepted taxonomy would greatly facilitate the accumulation and communi cation of empirical findings by offering a standard vocabulary, or nomenclature. After decades of research, the field is approaching consensus on a general taxonomy of personality traits, the "Big Five" personality dimensions. These dimensions do not represent a particular theoretical perspective but were derived from analyses of the natural-language terms people use to describe themselves and others. Rather than replacing all previous systems, the Big Five taxonomy serves an integrative function because it can represent the various and diverse systems of personality description in a common framework . It thus provides a starting place for vigorous research and theorizing that can eventually lead to an explication and revision of the descriptive taxonomy in causal and dynamic terms. Literature Review In this paper, we would first review the history of the Big Five, including the discovery of the five dimensions, research replicating and extending the model, its convergence with research in the questionnaire tradition, and the development of several instruments to measure the Big Five. Then, we would compare three of the most frequently used instruments and report data regarding their reliability and convergent validity. Commonalities or the Lexical Approach One starting place for a shared taxonomy is the natural language of personality description. Beginning with Klages (1926), Baumgarten (1933), and Allport and Odbert (1936), various psychologists have turned to the natural language as a source of attributes for a scientific taxonomy. This work, beginning with the extraction of all personality-relevant terms from the dictionary, has generally been guided by the lexical approach (John et al., 1988, pp.171-203; Saucier &

Consumer Behavior Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Consumer Behavior Paper - Essay Example On other hand, study of consumer behavior focuses on the motivation of the consumers to making various decisions strategies among different products differing in levels of significance and interest (Hawkins, Best & Coney, 2004). Study of consumer behaviors enables the customers to improve on their marketing campaigns and strategies in a way that is effective in reaching the consumers. The paper will focus on defining the term consumer behaviors and discussing the way 4Ps, product, price, promotion, and place, affect purchasing decision. Consumer behaviors can be defined as the study of individual groups, organization and the procedures used in selection, using and disposing products, services, familiarity and ideas that can satisfy their needs and influence of procedures to consumers and society (Schiffman & Kanuk, 2007). Moreover, study of consumer behavior makes a substantial contribution to in application of techniques by marketers in the process of marketing their commodities. Re lationship between consumer behavior and the subject of marketing relates to consumer behavior application in marketing strategies in order to enhance the marketing campaigns. ... In this case, this gives the significance of creating a good impression to the initial customers, since they take the role of influencing the other customers. The marketing mix, which includes the product, price, place and promotion, has a substantial impact on the decision making of a customer (Bearden, Ingram & LaForge, 2004). Price Price as one of the element relates to amount of money that a customer has to part with in order to acquire a certain good or service in the market, in fact, the price attached to commodities entails the returns to the firm due to their effort and the cost incurred in manufacturing and marketing activities. On the other hand, the consumers’ decisions are influenced by the pricing strategies of these firms since the cost of the products is passed to the consumer through these prices. In this case, despite the pricing objective of the firms, which are derived from organizational goals, the consumer makes the decision based on his or her income. The refore, a consumer focuses on maximizing their utility on the commodities purchased; thus, there is a certain price, which they are willing to pay for particular commodities based on their income. Moreover, the consumer has to make a choice among different alternative in order to identify the products that suites their purchasing power despite the quality of the product. Promotion Promotion is applied by marketers as a component of the marketing mix with a purpose of creating awareness, persuading and reminding customer in a certain market about products in order to influence their feelings, convictions and behaviors. In this case, promotion offers consumer

EU Law and Legal Contract Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

EU Law and Legal Contract - Essay Example For member states of the EU, it is no longer the case that only national government can make laws within their territories. Britain joined the EU in 1973 when it was still European Economic Community (EEC). So until 1972 UK had complete parliamentary sovereignty" but as the UK's application to join the EU was accepted, Parliament passed the European Communities Act. This Act transferred some control over creation of laws to EU institutions. Primary sources of EU law are treaties. Treaties are agreements signed by the Heads of State of all the member states of the EU. They set out all the main principles and goals of the EU. So far as our law is concerned all treaties signed by our head of government become part of English law automatically. This is a result of the European Communities Act 1972. There are four main treaties of the European Union. The Treaty of Rome 1957 was when the EEC was created and trade barriers and custom duties were abolished. The Maastricht Treaty 1993 was when the EC became the EU and everybody holding a passport from one of the member states of the EU became a citizen of the EU. It also meant that that the European Parliament gained more powers. The Amsterdam Treaty 197 which meant there were more powers for the European Parliament and immigration laws were to be common between states, human rights provisions were also established. The Treaty of Nice 2001 meant that changes in the qualified majority voting system were agreed, a necessary preparation for a big increase in the number of member states. The idea that groups of countries will develop at different paces within the EU was agreed also. Citizens of the UK are entitled to rely on the rights in the Treaty of Rome and other treaties, even though those rights may not have been specifically enacted in English law. This is shown by the case of Macarthy's Ltd v Smith (1980). In this case Wendy Smith's employers paid her less than her male colleagues for exactly the same job. As the two people were not employed at the same time by the employer there was no breach of English domestic law. However, Wendy Smith was able to claim that the company which employed her was in breach of Article 119 of the Treaty of Rome over equal pay for men and women and this claim was confirmed by the European Court of Justice. Secondary sources of EU law are regulations, directives and decisions. What these different types of law have in common is that they are all laws aimed at putting the general principles set out in the treaties into practice. Unlike treaties, however, they do not require the signature of Heads of State. They are proposed by the Council of Ministers and the European Parliament. Directives are the main way in which harmonisation of laws within member states is reached. They are statements outlining the kind of national laws that member states are required to pass in order to meet the requirements of treaties. Directives are issued under Article 249 of the Treaty of Rome. Directives are more specific than treaties, which contain general principles. They direct member states to pass laws which meet certain criteria, though they lever it to

Poverty in the US Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Poverty in the US - Essay Example From the table given below it is clear that different norms were there to calculate the poverty levels of different people. People below the age of 65 and over the age of 65 have different criteria to calculate their poverty levels based on the number of children they may have. It is an accepted fact that two people with same revenue cannot be considered as rich if they have different number of family members. 2009 Poverty Thresholds, Selected Family Types    Single Individual Under 65 years   $ 11,161 65 years & older   $ 10,289    Single Parent One child   $ 14,787 Two children   $ 17,285    Two Adults No children   $ 14,366 One child   $ 17,268 Two children   $ 21,756 Three children   $ 25,603 (Poverty in the United States, 2010) A parent with fewer children may have less expenditure than a parent with more children. In other words, population increase is a factor which is affecting the poverty statistics in America. America is a country of paradise for the i mmigrants. People from all over the world are migrating to America in order to achieve better living standards. It is a fact that these people are contributing heavily to the economic growth of the country. At the same time they are increasing American population and subsequently the poverty rates may also go up. The following table provides a brief idea about the poverty rate among children of different communities in America as per the 2008 statistics Children Under 18 Living in Poverty, 2008 Category Number (in thousands) Percent All children under 18 15, 451 20.7 White only, non-Hispanic 4, 850 11.9 Black 4,480 35.4 Hispanic 5,610 33.1 Asian 531 13.3 (Poverty in the United States, 2010) From the above statistics, it is clear that the... Poverty is a universal phenomenon which can affect any country irrespective of their economic power. No country, developing, developed or underdeveloped, is free from poverty. Poverty is one of the major concerns for the sociologists and economists.United States is supposed to be one of the wealthiest countries in the world. However, the recent financial crisis has created strong concerns among the public about America’s credentials as one of the richest countries in the world. United Sates faced several accusations when globalization entered the world. Many countries, including China, perceived globalization as a strategy by capitalist countries like America to loot the resources of other countries. However, at present economic experts are unique in their opinion that America failed to exploit the globalization properly whereas China succeeded in exploiting it heavily for their economic growth. Many people are of the view that globalization also played a role in increasing th e poverty rates in America. This paper analyses the major reasons for poverty in America in general and the role of globalization in particular, and proposes some solutions to eliminate it. It is not necessary that the poverty in America is dependent only on the factors inside America alone. In a heavily globalized world, problems of one country can affect other countries also, both directly and indirectly.

EU Law and Legal Contract Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

EU Law and Legal Contract - Essay Example For member states of the EU, it is no longer the case that only national government can make laws within their territories. Britain joined the EU in 1973 when it was still European Economic Community (EEC). So until 1972 UK had complete parliamentary sovereignty" but as the UK's application to join the EU was accepted, Parliament passed the European Communities Act. This Act transferred some control over creation of laws to EU institutions. Primary sources of EU law are treaties. Treaties are agreements signed by the Heads of State of all the member states of the EU. They set out all the main principles and goals of the EU. So far as our law is concerned all treaties signed by our head of government become part of English law automatically. This is a result of the European Communities Act 1972. There are four main treaties of the European Union. The Treaty of Rome 1957 was when the EEC was created and trade barriers and custom duties were abolished. The Maastricht Treaty 1993 was when the EC became the EU and everybody holding a passport from one of the member states of the EU became a citizen of the EU. It also meant that that the European Parliament gained more powers. The Amsterdam Treaty 197 which meant there were more powers for the European Parliament and immigration laws were to be common between states, human rights provisions were also established. The Treaty of Nice 2001 meant that changes in the qualified majority voting system were agreed, a necessary preparation for a big increase in the number of member states. The idea that groups of countries will develop at different paces within the EU was agreed also. Citizens of the UK are entitled to rely on the rights in the Treaty of Rome and other treaties, even though those rights may not have been specifically enacted in English law. This is shown by the case of Macarthy's Ltd v Smith (1980). In this case Wendy Smith's employers paid her less than her male colleagues for exactly the same job. As the two people were not employed at the same time by the employer there was no breach of English domestic law. However, Wendy Smith was able to claim that the company which employed her was in breach of Article 119 of the Treaty of Rome over equal pay for men and women and this claim was confirmed by the European Court of Justice. Secondary sources of EU law are regulations, directives and decisions. What these different types of law have in common is that they are all laws aimed at putting the general principles set out in the treaties into practice. Unlike treaties, however, they do not require the signature of Heads of State. They are proposed by the Council of Ministers and the European Parliament. Directives are the main way in which harmonisation of laws within member states is reached. They are statements outlining the kind of national laws that member states are required to pass in order to meet the requirements of treaties. Directives are issued under Article 249 of the Treaty of Rome. Directives are more specific than treaties, which contain general principles. They direct member states to pass laws which meet certain criteria, though they lever it to

Use of ict Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Use of ict - Essay Example Positive ICT investments and policies are undoubtedly beneficial to HEIs, even if ICTs have not managed adequately to replace classroom-based instructing models. Generally, ICTs offer effective access for various target learners besides academically termed as vehicles meant for enhanced pedagogical experiences. This is especially to distance learners whose separation between them and their respective HEIs id due to space as well as time (Surry, Stefurak & Gray, 2011, p.45). In most HEIs, some of the major ICT facilities used include, Together with the ever-rampant utilization of ICTs in basic education, most students get to campus with higher hopes in terms of technology uses and corresponding pedagogies. The gaps that exist between higher educational practices and student social media abilities are likely to broaden unless respective administrators ensure educational practices that bring about adequate reforms. Generally, from a pedagogical outlook, network technology such as social media tools avails greater potentials for both collaborative and interactive learning. Tools that employ networking knowhow avail students with an open as well as an innovative development platform (Surry, Stefurak & Gray, 2011). In addition, it also avails an opportunity for aiding collaborative and interactive ways of learning mainly for those having exceptional needs (Surry, Stefurak & Gray, 2011, p.46). The enhancement of a wireless knowhow such as mobile wireless expertise has ensured generation of a significant level of excitement among academicians and practitioners. Reason being, it leads to a shift in the academic environment from out-dated settings to mobile learning (m-learning) settings (Ehlers & Schneckenberg, 2010, p.14). Certainly, augmenting numbers of HEIs provide courses using wireless technology (for example, m-learning) as an substitute to learning and teaching tools. However, despite such interests in

How Practitioners Can Take Steps Essay Example for Free

How Practitioners Can Take Steps Essay h)Explain how practitioners can take steps to protect themselves within their everyday practice in the work setting and on off-site visits. A significant element of a practitioner’s role in protecting themselves would be to read policies and procedures that are put in place to safeguard them and children or young people in their care. In a school setting a professional can protect themselves by. All staff in schools should ensure that their relationships with pupils are appropriate to the age, gender, disability and ethnic origin of the pupils, taking care that their conduct does not give rise to comment or speculation. Attitudes, demeanour and language all require care and thought, particularly when staff of either sex are dealing with adolescent boys and girls. Dress and Appearance :A person’s dress and appearance are matters of personal choice and selfexpression. However it is necessary and wise for staff to consider the manner of dress and appearance appropriate to their professional role, as opposed to that which may be adopted in their personal life. Dress and Appearance A person’s dress and appearance are matters of personal choice and selfexpression. However it is necessary and wise for staff to consider the manner of dress and appearance appropriate to their professional role, as opposed to that which may be adopted in their personal life. Physical Contact Gratuitous physical contact with pupils : A pupil, parent or observer may misconstrue physical contact. Such contact can include well intentional informal and formal gestures such as putting a hand on the shoulder or arm, which if repeated with an individual pupil could lead to serious questions being raised. Therefore, as a general principle, employees must not make gratuitous physical contact with pupils and it is unwise to attribute touching to their style or as a way of relating to pupils. Repeated physical contact with a pupil may be unprofessional and may lead to disciplinary procedures or an allegation of physical/sexual abuse. Any form of physical punishment of pupils is unlawful, as is any form of physical response to misbehaviour unless it is by way of restraint. It is particularly important that staff understand this, to protect their own position and the overall reputation of the school. Where physical contact may be acceptable: There may be, especially with younger child ren, occasions  where a distressed pupil needs comfort and reassurance, which may include physical comforting. Such reassurance could for example, involve an arm around the shoulder or a comforting hug. Employees should use their discretion in such cases to ensure that what is, and what is seen to be by others present, normal and natural does not become unnecessary contact, particularly with the same pupil over a period of time. Where an employee has a particular concern about the need to provide this type of care and reassurance he/she should seek the advice of the Head. It is clear that those working with infants and young children have quite a different role to play from those involved with secondary school age or maturing children in primary/secondary/special schools. Some young children may need a great deal of comfort and support to help them deal with day-to-day experiences in school life. Caring for Pupils with Particular Problems : All children have a right to safety, privacy and dignity when contact of an intimate nature is required (for example assisting with toileting or removing wet/soiled clothing). A care plan should be drawn up and agreed with parents for all children who require intimate care on a regular basis. Children should be encouraged to act as independently as possible and to undertake as much of their own personal care as is practicable. When assistance is required, staff should ensure that another appropriate adult is in the vicinity and is aware of the task to be undertaken. First Aid and Administration of Medication: When administering first aid, staff should ensure that another adult is present, or aware of the action being taken, whenever possible. Parents should always be informed when first aid has been administered. Pupils may need medication during school hours. In circumstances where children need medication regularly, a health care plan should be drawn up to ensure the safety and protection of pupils and staff. With the permission of parents, the children should be encouraged to administer the medication themselves. If a member of staff is concerned or uncertain about the amount or type of medication being given to a pupil, this should be discussed with the appropriate senior colleague at the earliest opportunity. See DOH/.DfES Guijdance: First Aid for Schools Private meetings with pupils: Teacher should be aware of the dangers that may arise from private interviews with individual pupils. It is recognised that there will be occasions when confidential interviews must take place but, where possible, such interviews  should be conducted in a room with visual access, or with the door open, or in a room or area which is likely to be frequented by other people. In their dealings with pupils at school, staff need to be aware that their actions may be misinterpreted. Acts of favouritism should be guarded against, for instance, giving a pupil an unreasonable amount of private individual attention. Giving a pupil regular lifts home is not a sensible course of action. Infatuation: Staff need to be aware that pupils can be strongly attracted to a member of staff and may develop a heterosexual or homosexual infatuation. All situations should be responded to sensitively to maintain the dignity of all concerned. Staff should also be aware that such circumstances always carry a high risk of words or actions being misinterpreted and for allegations to be made against staff. A member of staff who becomes aware that a pupil may have developed an infatuation (on themselves or a colleague), should discuss this at the earliest opportunity with a senior colleague so that appropriate action can be taken where necessary. In this way, steps can be taken to avoid hurt and distress for all concerned. Staff need to be aware that it is not uncommon for a pupil to develop an infatuation on a member of staff. Curriculum: The curriculum can sometimes include or lead to unplanned discussion about subject matter which is sexually explicit, or of an otherwise sensitive nature. Responding to pupils’ questions can require careful judgement and staff may wish to take guidance in these circumstances. Educational Visits and Extra Curricular Activities All staff should be particularly careful when supervising pupils in a residential setting such as a field study trip or other extended visits away from home. Similarly the less formal approach perhaps adopted in extra curricular activities generally might be open to misinterpretation. Although more informal relationships in such circumstances tend to be usual, the standard of behaviour expected of staff will be no different from the behaviour expected within schools. Young people are entitled to respect and privacy when changing clothes or taking a shower. However, there needs to be a required level of supervision to safeguard young people and satisfy health and safety considerations and to ensure that bullying or teasing does not occur. The supervision will need to be appropriate to the needs and age of  the young people concerned. In certain situations staff or volunteers may be required to transport children. Given the potential risks, a designated member of staff should be appointed to plan and provide oversight of all transporting arrangements and respond to any difficulties that may arise. Wherever possible and practicable it is advisable that transport is undertaken other than in private vehicles, with at least one adult acting as an escort. Staff should ensure that their behaviour is safe and that the transport arrangements and the vehicle meet all legal requirements. They should ensure that the vehicle is roadworthy and that the maximum capacity is not exceeded. http://www.merton.gov.uk/council/pdf-developingsafeworkingpractices.pdf

Properties of Dental Plaque Biofilm

Properties of Dental Plaque Biofilm The dental plaque is a complex, metabolically interconnected, highly organized microbial ecosystem. Dental plaque has an open structure due to the presence of channels and voids. It provides Protection from host defenses, desiccation etc. by production of extracellular polymers to form a functional matrix.1 Dental plaque is a microbial biofilm. Biofilms are defined as â€Å"matrix–enclosed bacterial population’s adherent to each other and/or to surface or interfaces†.2Biofilms are surface-associated communities of microorganisms embedded in an extracellular polymeric substance, which upon contact with the host may affect tissue haemostasis and result in disease.3 Periodontitis and caries are infectious diseases of the oral cavity in which oral biofilms play a causative role. The presence of micro-organisms in the oral cavity and their virulence decide the occurrence of a particular disease.4 The three main hypothesis that explain the disease occurrence in oral cavity Specific plaque hypothesis(Loesche 1976): In contrast to the above, this suggests the importance of individual bacterial species within dental plaque as causative of disease5 Non-specific plaque hypothesis (Theilade E 1986): The bacterial dental plaque that accumulates around teeth is a relatively homogenous mass that causes periodontal disease when it accumulates to the point of over whelming the hosts defense mechanism.6 Ecologic plaque hypothesis (PD Marsh 1989): Based on the theory that unique local environment influences the composition of oral micro flora and any disturbance in this balance may lead to increase in pathogenic micro flora over harmless normal oral micro flora.7 Chronic periodontitis is the most common form of periodontitis causing bone loss and attachment loss. This disease has a slow progression and is more prevalent in adults.8,9 Calculus and bacterial plaque are among the etiologic factors; thus, treatment is mainly comprised of removal of supra- and sub-gingival calculus to reduce bacterial content. However, despite this treatment, progressive attachment loss continues in some patients indicating that mechanical treatment is not successful in reducing some periodontal pathogens. Therefore, antibiotic therapy is recommended to reduce the number of these resistant pathogens.8,10 Factors that may contribute to the higher drug resistance in microbial biofilms include Altered metabolism Extracellular polymeric substance Proteomic regulation Genomic regulation Persister cells Stress response Periodontal disease is one of the most common microbial infections in adults. It is an inflammatory disease of bacterial origin that affects the tooth-supporting tissues. There are two major types of periodontal disease: gingivitis and periodontitis. Gingivitis involves a limited inflammation of the unattached gingiva, and is a relatively common and reversible condition. In contrast, periodontitis is characterized by general inflammation of the periodontal tissues, which leads to the apical migration of the junctional epithelium along the root surface and progressive destruction of the periodontal ligament and the alveolar bone (11). Periodontitis progresses in cyclical phases of exacerbation, remission and latency, a phenomenon that is closely linked to the effectiveness of the host immune response. Experts now distinguish among generalized and localized chronic periodontitis, generalized and localized aggressive periodontitis (AP), periodontitis associated with systemic diseases, periodontitis associated with endodontic lesions and necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis (12). Of these, chronic periodontitis is the most frequently encountered in the adult population. In addition, certain conditions may be predisposing or aggravating factors for periodontitis, including accumulation of subgingival plaque, smoking and conditions associated with some immune disorder (e.g., diabetes mellitus, AIDS) (13). More than 500 microbial species have been identified in subgingival plaque, which can thus be considered to represent a complex ecological niche (14). Under the influence of local and systemic factors, some of these bacterial species in the subgingival dental biofilm constitute the primary etiologic agents of periodontal disease. Among these species, the most important are Aggregatiba cter actinomycetemcomitans (A.a.), Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.g.), Tannerella forsythia (T.f.), Treponema denticola (T.d.), Fusobacterium nucleatum (F.n.), Prevotella intermedia (P.i.), Campylobacter rectus (C.r.), and Eikenella corrodens (E.c.) (15,16). Although A. actinomycetemcomitans is associated with localized aggressive periodontitis, P. gingivalis is considered the major etiologic agent of chronic periodontitis (15,17). Although the presence of periodontal pathogens is essential for the onset of periodontitis, these organisms are not sufficient for the disease to progress. In fact, the host immune response modulates progression of the disease toward destruction or healing (18). However, overproduction of certain mediators, such as interleukin-1ÃŽ ², tumor necrosis factor alpha and prostaglandins, lead to the chronic, persistent inflammation which is in the origin of tissue destruction (19,20). In fact, these mediators can activate one or more tissue degradation factors, not ably matrix metalloproteinases, plasminogen and polymorphonuclear serine proteases, which cause bone resorption (21,22). Mechanical debridement of the dental biofilm and elimination of local irritating factors are the basis of initial periodontal therapies. Longitudinal studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of this approach, which is based on scaling and root planing, reinforcement of the patient oral hygiene practices and regular follow-up to eliminate new deposits (23,24). The effectiveness of this treatment is reflected by the disappearance of clinical symptoms, reduction or elimination of periodontal pathogens and regeneration of beneficial bacterial flora. Not all patients or all sites respond uniformly and favorably to conventional mechanical therapy. Given the infectious nature of periodontal disease and the limited results that can be achieved with conventional mechanical therapies, the use of antibiotics is warranted for certain forms of periodontitis. RATIONALE FOR THE USE OF ANTIBIOTICS The academic argument over the importance of a specific or non-specific bacterial etiology for periodontal diseases may never be totally resolved. However, there is little doubt that certain specific organisms are closely associated with some forms of periodontal disease (6). Unlike the majority of general infections, all the suspected periodontal pathogens are indigenous to the oral flora (25,26). Consequently, the long-term and total elimination of these organisms with antibiotics will be very difficult to achieve as immediate repopulation with the indigenous bacteria will occur when the therapy is completed (27). Nevertheless, in certain forms of periodontitis the loss of connective tissue attachment is rapid. Extremely virulent, gram negative organisms populate the deep pockets, and bacteria can actually invade the connective tissue (28,29). Under these circumstances, antibiotics provide a useful adjunct to root planing, which by itself may not remove all subgingival deposits an d certainly would not affect any invading organisms that had already penetrated the soft tissue. Ideal properties of antibiotic Unique target Narrow spectrum-kills only selective pathogen, not normal microbiota High therapeutic index-ratio of toxic level to therapeutic level No/fewer reactions Various routes of administration- IV, IM, oral Good pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics properties E.g. good absorption, good distribution to the site of infection No resistance/ slower emergence of resistance Common antibiotics for periodontitis Antibiotic Dosage Metronidazole 500 mg/t.i.d/8 days Clindamycin 300 mg//t.i.d./8 days Doxycycline/Minocycline 100-200 mg/q.d./21 days Ciprofloxacin 500 mg/b.i.d/8 days Azithromycin 500 mg/q.d./4-7 days Metronidazole+ amoxicillin 250 mg/t.i.d./8 days (each drug) Metronidazole+ ciprofloxacin 500/b.i.d./8 days (each drug) Antibiotics are classified based on their mechanism of action, as follows:31 Agents that inhibit synthesis of bacterial cell walls (e.g. penicillins and cephalosporins); Agents that interfere with the cell membrane of the microorganism, affecting permeability ( e.g. some antifungal agents); Agents that inhibit protein synthesis by affecting the function of 30S or 50S ribosomal subunits (e.g. tetracyclines, macrolides and clindamycin); Agents that block important metabolic steps of the microorganisms (e.g. sulfonamides and  trimethoprim); Agents that interfere with nucleic acid synthesis (e.g. metronidazole and quinolones). CHOICE OF SYSTEMIC ANTIBIOTIC – WHICH ANTIBIOTIC IS THE BEST TO USE? Therapeutic success of an antimicrobial depends on the activity of the antimicrobial agent against the infecting organisms. Periodontitis is a mixed microbial infection making the choice of antibiotic regimen difficult. Certain antibiotics target specific parts of the subgingival biofilm. For example, metronidazole targets the gram-negative strict anaerobes from the red and orange Socransky complexes 40,41 such as Fusobacterium nucleatum, Tanerella forsythia, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Treponema denticola, while members of the genera Actinomyces, Streptococcus and Capnocytophaga are minimally affected by metronidazole. Metronidazole also has a limited effect on the species Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, which is a facultative anaerobe rather than a strict anaerobe. Amoxicillin has a broader spectrum lowering counts of gram negative anaerobes as well as decreasing the counts and proportions of Actinomyces species during and after antibiotic therapy.40,42 Micro-organisms can be intrinsically resistant to antimicrobials or can develop acquired resistance by emergence of resistant strains of bacteria that would otherwise be considered to be sensitive to the antimicrobial. The literature reports a wide range of antibiotics used in conjunction with non-surgical and surgical mechanical debridement for the treatment of both chronic and aggressive periodontitis. The most commonly used antibiotics include tetracyclines, penicillins (amoxicillin), metronidazole, macrolides (spiramycin, erythromycin, azithromycin), clindamycin and ciprofloxacin. The most common combination antibiotic regimen reported is metronidazole and amoxicillin combined. What is the ideal duration, dosage and timing of the antibiotic? The dosage and duration of the antibiotic prescribed also varies widely among studies and there is no consensus on the ideal regimen. In principle it is important to prescribe an antibiotic in sufficient dose for adequate duration. Another important clinical question is when to start the antibiotics in relation to the mechanical phase of treatment. Indirect evidence suggests that antibiotic intake should start on the day of debridement completion and debridement should be completed within a short period of time ( How critical is patient compliance when using adjunctive antibiotics? The issue of patient compliance has been infrequently addressed in publications evaluating the effects of systemic antibiotics. Some studies have shown that as little as 20 per cent of patients comply with antibiotic regimens prescribed.40,44 One advantage of the antibiotic azithromycin may be that due to its pharmacologic properties and long half life, only one tablet (500 mg) per day during three consecutive days is required as opposed to one tablet three times a day for seven days with other antibiotic regimens.40,45 Compliance in terms of oral hygiene and maintenance care should also be addressed. It should be recognized that in studies where beneficial results following adjunctive antibiotics were reported, patients had received maintenance care and had good plaque control. If a patient was non-compliant with oral hygiene measures and maintenance protocols, then a favourable treatment outcome following adjunctive antibiotics was unlikely. Prescription of antibiotics is no substi tute for adequate debridement, good oral hygiene and regular maintenance care. What are the common side effects following systemic antibiotics? Within the literature there is a general lack of reporting on the presence or absence of adverse events following the adjunctive use of systemic antibiotics. Most adverse effects, which have been reported, are minor and related to gastrointestinal problems such as diarrhoea and nausea. However, serious adverse events such as allergic and anaphlyactic reaction and pseudomembranous colitis, may occur and patients should be informed of the potential for adverse events both minor and major when prescribing systemic antibiotics. Anaphylactic responses to penicillin occur approximately once every 10 000 courses administered, with 10 per cent of these being fatal.40,46 The use of antibiotics should be carefully considered choosing agents that maximize antimicrobial activity and minimize potential drug interactions and adverse reactions. A thorough medical history should be taken prior to antibiotic prescription. An increase in microbial resistance following the use of systemic antibiotics h as been evaluated in few studies. Feres et al.47 identified antibiotic-resistant species in subgingival plaque and saliva samples from chronic periodontitis patients treated by scaling and root planing followed by orally administered amoxicillin or metronidazole. There was an increase in the percentage of resistant subgingival species following antibiotic administration. However, levels returned to baseline after a relatively short period of time (90 days). In Spain, where systemic antibiotics are readily available over the counter without prescription and widely used in the general population, it has been shown that there was an increase in the microbial resistance patterns of oral bacteria to commonly prescribed antibiotics compared to the Netherlands where antibiotics use is more restricted.48 This underlines the importance of development of microbial resistance to antibiotics and the importance of responsible use to prevent the global spread of resistant strains of bacteria. CONTRAINDICATIONS AND UNWANTED EFFECTS Antibiotics are amongst the most widely prescribed pharmaceutical agents in modern medicine. Although only a small number of these drugs have been used in the treatment of periodontal diseases, it is essential that the main contraindications for their use and their possible unwanted effects are known to the periodontist. Generally, the contraindications for use are related to the impaired metabolism and excretion of the drugs. Consequently, disease or impaired function of the hepatic or renal tracts should warrant caution in prescribing systemic antibiotics. When penicillins are prescribed it is vitally important to determine whether or not there is a history of hypersensitivity to the drug. The unwanted effects of penicillin are often mild and characterized by rashes, urticaria, joint pains, and dermatitis, although severe anaphylactic reactions have been reported and can be fatal. David herrera 43 concluded in his systematic review that If systemic antimicrobials are indicated as part of periodontal therapy, they should be adjunctive to mechanical debridement. Lack of data prevents us from making any conclusion regarding the preferred type of adjunctive debridement (non-surgical versus surgical). Furthermore, there is not enough evidence to support the use of adjunctive systemic antimicrobials with periodontal surgery. There is no direct evidence to recommend a specific protocol for the use of adjunctive systemic antimicrobials with non-surgical mechanical debridement. However, indirect evidence suggests that antibiotic intake should start on the day of debridement completion; debridement should be completed within a short time (preferably Antimicrobial resistance in biofilms Antimicrobial resistance can be classified into 3 groups: intrinsic, mutational and acquired resistance.31-33 Intrinsic resistance refers to an inherent resistance to an antibiotic that is a naturally occurring feature of the microorganism. Mutational resistance occurs due to a spontaneous chromosomal mutation that produces a genetically-altered bacterial population that is resistant to the drug. Mutations resulting from the change of a single nucleotide base can result in resistance, as has been well documented for aminoglycosides and for rifampin.31,32 Finally, acquired resistance refers to the horizontal acquisition from another microorganism of a genetic element that encodes antibiotic resistance. This process can occur by transduction, transformation or conjugation. Transduction is a process by which exogenous DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another by the intervention of a bacteriophage, while transformation is the process by which bacteria acquire segments of DNA that are free in the environment. In conjugation the passage of genetic material occurs by direct cell-to-cell contact, through a sex pilus or bridge. This is the most common mechanism of transferring antibiotic resistance genes. 31-33 In general, bacteria use 3 main strategies to become resistant to different antibiotics: (a) preventing the drug from reaching its target 34,35 (b) altering the target 36,37 and (c) inactivating the antibiotic 38,39 Various mechanisms to account for the increased resistances to antimicrobials in biofilms have been postulated. Several of these mechanisms seem to occur in conjunction with the final stages of biofilm maturation .49,50 Reduced penetration into the biofilm may result in antibiotic inactivation because of secretion of certain enzymes, such as ÃŽ ²-lactamases, or binding of the agent by the exopolysaccharide matrix. The exopolysaccharide could inhibit antimicrobial penetration by either binding the antimicrobial 49, 51,52 or serving as a protective coating that prevents or delays diffusion through the biofilm .53,54 The complex heterogeneity within biofilms is evidenced by studies analyzing different microenvironments throughout the biofilm that differ in metabolic activity55, pH , and oxygen distribution56. The ‘biofilm phenotype’ is a collective term used to describe a biologically programmed response to growth on a surface that involves specific physiologies and pattern s of protein and gene expression that are quite different from those of planktonic cells 57,58 and have been linked to aspects of antimicrobial resistance (57,59,60). Increased resistance to antimicrobials is likely a combination of all of these mechanisms and may involve many, if not all, of these factors working together in unison as the biofilm matures.

Statistics Project :: Papers

My task during this statistics coursework is to gather relevant information regarding the memories of people with regard to many different factors. I shall need to create numerous hypotheses that are sensible and are practical to carry out, get information relevant to the hypotheses and present the data in different methods which are relevant to the experiment. Hypothesis My primary hypothesis is that pictures are easier to memorise than words, and words are easier to memorise rather than numbers. I have come to this prediction as I personally find pictures easier to remember because you can relate it to something and it is visual, visual objects are said to be easier to memorise. Secondly words are easier to memorise than numbers because words can be easily related to ones thinking and therefore people can remember them easily while numbers are harder to relate. However all this is based on what technique an individual uses to memorise things. My secondary hypothesis is that females have better memories than men, I have decided to test this as this is what most women stereotype, especially after they are married the husband I always the one forgetting everyone while the wife remembers every single detail even the tiniest thing such as their anniversary. My third Hypothesis is that memory declines as a person becomes older, I have based this theory on that the younger members of the family remember my birthday but the older ones as they get older begin to forget, and because they forget when you remind them you get double the present. So I am testing this theory to see if my free wealth is going to increase as I get older or decrease. How will I test my hypothesis? I will test my hypothesis in this question firstly by using the secondary evidence which will be provided to me via my mediocre school. This is a survey testing both males and females in years 7, 10, and 12. They will be tested on their memory of pictures, words and

White Treatment of Blacks in Notes of a Native Son Essay -- James Bald

The White Beginning To Black Paranoia Some people regard James Baldwin as one of the best essayists of all time because of his ability to enmesh argument within narrative. Baldwin aims to tell a story, yet every so often throughout ?Notes of a Native Son,? he takes a moment to analyze what has happened. As the essay ebbs and flows from narrative into argument, the reader hardly knows the tide has changed. During this change, Baldwin turns to analyzing what has just happened, allowing the reader to actively interpret his analysis as a central theme throughout the work. Throughout the essay, Baldwin?s main narrative dealt with how blacks are treated by white people. When analyzing this narrative, it can be seen that white minds caused black madness, because of how the blacks were treated. Baldwin spends a majority of ?Notes? telling about his father?s life. Baldwin?s father eventually died from an illness of the mind, which plagued him for the last years of his life. His father was the first of a generation of free men. He kept to himself most of the time, had very dark skin, and was a preacher. He always had good intentions, but somehow those intentions never turned out well. As a result of his life, he had a great paranoia, which kept him from getting close to his children, and fueled his angry temper. James Baldwin noticed this paranoia as a young child. Part of the essay talks of when Baldwin was a young boy. One of his teachers, who happened to be white, was interested in a play he wrote, and wanted to take him to see one at the theater. They went to the play and later when Baldwin?s father was laid off his job, this woman became more and more important to helping the family. Even th... ...Baldwin reflects saying, ?now that my father was irrecoverable, I wished that he had been beside me so that I could have searched his face for the answers which only the future would give me now? (84). Baldwin wishes his father was there so he could look into his own future, and see how to cure his bitter madness. In ?Notes,? the narrative of his father?s life, Baldwin realizes, may eventually become the continuation of his own life, unless he learns from what has happened to his father. This essay tells the story of the latter half of his father?s life, and the first half of his own. These two half-lives can be spliced together to represent an African American?s life anywhere during this time period. Works Cited Baldwin, James. ?Notes of a Native Son.? 1955. James Baldwin: Collected Essays. Ed. Toni Morrison. New York: Library of America, 1998. 63-84.

Computer Basics

The society in which we live is complex and sophisticated. As consumers we demand a variety of goods and services to enable us to maintain the quality of life we enjoy. In order to satisfy these demands, suppliers must produce the goods and services, which the consumer wants by combining factors of production such as land, labor and capital in the most efficient manner. To do this the hiring of workers, rent or purchase of the appropriate premises, and maybe, even investing in plant and machinery, as well as the raw materials needed to produce the final product. These are just some of the factors that have to be considered before the final product is produced at a profit. This is achieved under commercial organizations. In short, an organization is a group of people working together to achieve a goal of supplying a demand. In Britain, the economy is made up of the Public Sector and the Private Sector. The Public Sector Company provides goods and services through the state in much the same way as commercial organizations. This sector also employs staff, occupy premises and raise capital. The public sector seeks to fulfil a service such as education, hospitals, police, etc. These services are necessary to provide society with order, in which individuals are free to express their demands and producers are able to meet such wants.   The prime objective of the private sector is to make a profit. These organizations are made up of several different sectors. They are a mixture of large and small business. For example: – Banks, Railtrack, Imperial Chemical Industries, Solicitors, Accountants.   Sole traders are normally owners of small businesses such as the newsagent or the local cafe. The sole trader has unlimited liability and has a greater risk than a partnership. However, he has total control of his business and is alone in the making of all decisions relating to his business. The sole trader keeps all profits but in the majority of cases works very long hours, it is also very hard to find the time for things such as holidays. Partnerships has a minimum of two people and no more than twenty partners, who have made an agreement to work together and to provide capital for the benefit of the company. Their aim is to make a profit. These businesses are normally on a larger scale. Sleeping partners in the business i. e. profit share partners do not play an active role in the organization. A Deed of Partnership is normally drawn up when setting up a partnership. This sets out the terms and conditions such as the objectives, profits, transfer of ownership, individual salaries, decision-making, etc. THE PRIVATE LIMITED COMPANY (LTD) Private Limited Companies have certain legal binding restrictions before it can trade, these are: The Memorandum of Association This consists of the company relating to the outside world i. . : name and rules, address of the business, the names of the directors and the purpose of the organization. The Article of Association relates to the internal matters of the organization. When the Article of Association form in completed it is then registered and permits the company to trade. THE PUBLIC LIMITED COMPANY (PLC) A Public Limited Company has similar rules to limited companies with the ex ceptions: Shares can be openly bought and sold A vast amount of capital can be made available through the issue of extra shares. The minimum share capital required is ? 50,000. No limits to the amount of shares a shareholder can have. The functional areas of an organization such as a music venue can be vast. Therefore, the areas that will be dealt with will be limited. The marketing department is responsible for all publicity that the organization needs to make public awareness and the events available. They also can organize suppliers, as well as the delivery of these items. This department is in charge of all venue publicity and public awareness. The accounts department is responsible for the payment of all bills/invoices. When an invoice is presented for payment, the manager concerned first checks it against the appropriate delivery note. Only then, will this department approve payment automatic and regular payments such as, standing orders and direct debits are also done through this department. These systems of payments are required to pay bills like gas, electric and other suppliers used on a regular basis. The wages department is responsible for the wages and salaries of all personnel working for the venue. It includes wage payments for company directors, full and part-time staff to the artists and musicians working on an evening event. They also supply wage slips that supply information such as number of hours worked, overtime, bonus, holiday†s etc. The required tax deducted and payment is made through the BACS system directly into the employee†s bank account in most cases. The personnel department is responsible for the welfare of all employees within the organization. Personnel are responsible for recruitment, training and development of all staff. They also ensure that the venue and bar managers carry out the required company training. They hold all of the organizations staff records. To keep their files updated these departments regularly liaise with the wages department over staff sickness, holiday entitlements etc. IT Services All incoming areas i. e. bar and entrance fees are linked to a computerized system, therefore the IT services department even though small plays a vital role in this organization. This department is divided into two, the Operations and the Programming.

Job hunting after graduation Essay

If you’ve left university and don’t yet have a job, here are tips on creating an action plan for finding work. It’s widely acknowledged that it’s harder than it used to be to land your first graduate job, and more people now find they are graduating without a job to go to straight away. If you are one of them, don’t panic. Take the opportunity for a short rest, then focus on what you can do to make things happen. 1. Keep looking The good news for graduate job hunters is that employers are now recruiting all year round. Traditionally, most graduate jobs were advertised in the autumn ‘milkround’, with many students having a job offer before they sat their finals. These days, graduate employers are more likely to advertise on an ad hoc basis, as jobs become available or as they get additional budget for recruitment. So don’t stop looking. The gradireland Summer Fair that takes place each June in Dublin is a chance to meet employers who did not fill all their jobs in the autumn or who have new vacancies. Use the same vacancy sources as when you were at university: gradireland.com, your careers service website etc. But don’t just rely on these: spread your net as far as possible. 2. Network Tell everyone you know that you are job hunting; be open to any suggestions. Start with family and friends, then build new relationships through them. The more contacts you make, the more likely you are to find out about opportunities and meet people who can help you. The majority of job vacancies are not advertised, so word of mouth can be very valuable. It can also be worth making speculative applications. These work best when they are targeted to an organisation that you have researched and know you want to work for: a few carefully-written applications are more  effective than hundreds of standard letters. Work experience or voluntary work can also widen your pool of contacts and provide a foot in the door of the industry you’d like to work in. Don’t spend all summer on Facebook. Use a range of social media to make new contacts and find out about new opportunities. Follow employers on LinkedIn, search Twitter for news of the industry you’re interested in, use everything to ‘meet’ new people. Start a blog: done well, it could be a good addition to your CV by highlighting your expertise, creativity or networking skills. 3. Apply for internships There are several internship programmes now available, many aimed specifically at graduates. These tend to vary from three months to a year. Some offer payment on top of your benefits while others carry accreditation; some even give an opportunity to work abroad for a while. Some of the main schemes currently available are:2. Network Tell everyone you know that you are job hunting; be open to any suggestions. Start with family and friends, then build new relationships through them. The more contacts you make, the more likely you are to find out about opportunities and meet people who can help you. The majority of job vacancies are not advertised, so word of mouth can be very valuable. It can also be worth making speculative applications. These work best when they are targeted to an organisation that you have researched and know you want to work for: a few carefully-written applications are more effective than hundreds of standard letters. Work experience or voluntary work can also widen your pool of contacts and provide a foot in the door of the industry you’d like to work in. Don’t spend all summer on Facebook. Use a range of social media to make new  contacts and find out about new opportunities. Follow employers on LinkedIn, search Twitter for news of the industry you’re interested in, use everything to ‘meet’ new people. Start a blog: done well, it could be a good addition to your CV by highlighting your expertise, creativity or networking skills. 3. Apply for internships There are several internship programmes now available, many aimed specifically at graduates. These tend to vary from three months to a year. Some offer payment on top of your benefits while others carry accreditation; some even give an opportunity to work abroad for a while. Some of the main schemes currently available are: Ireland JobBridge FAS Work Placement Programme IBEC Export Orientation Programme Graduates for International Growth (G4IG) Northern Ireland Graduate Acceleration Programme Applying for internships via an official programme gives you a degree of security. You may, of course, also find an internship by applying directly to the employer. It’s advisable to be aware of your employment rights and the Congress website is a useful source of information. Internships are not just a stop-gap on the way to a permanent job: as a ‘taster’ of a particular sector they can also help you to choose which career you ultimately would like to pursue. Whatever you do, you will gain new skills and experience to add to your CV. 4. Improve your employability Remember that you can still get help from university careers services after you graduate – either at your own university or, if you’ve moved back home, another higher education institution. Make an appointment if you need advice  on how to develop and market your skills or to improve your CV. Despite the downturn, there are still areas where there are skills shortages and unfilled vacancies. If you have the aptitude, consider upskilling, perhaps through a conversion course in IT, or by learning a language. ‘Lifelong learning’ is now considered essential even for those already in work, so if you have spare time use it to read and learn about the area of work you want to get into. Work on your employability skills: writing, administration, team-working, communication etc. You’ll be in a strong position if your job applications can demonstrate these qualities. Consider voluntary work as a way of adding to your portfolio of experience and learning new skills. There are opportunities for short and long-term involvement, whether it’s helping out at a local organisation or working for a national charity. 5. Be open to opportunities Realistically, it may not be immediately possible to get a graduate-level job. If something else is available – even if it is a casual or temporary job – try to use it as a stepping stone. A job in admin or customer support could lead to a more senior position in the same company later. It will let you prove that you have workplace experience and a good work ethic, and can give you transferable skills to add to future job applications. Don’t overlook small businesses. There are a lot of them, so add up to a major force as employers. They may not advertise specific ‘graduate’ vacancies but can be a good environment if you’re at the beginning of your career as there is often more flexibility to learn new skills. 6. Don’t give up Taking a year out or signing up for postgraduate study may be tempting as a way to postpone looking for work. They are worth considering if you are sure that you can demonstrate afterwards the benefits to employers. Otherwise, think carefully about whether this will help in the long term. It’s not necessarily the easy route, but the best course of action may be to stay put, stay positive and stay persistent. If things aren’t going well, review your progress and ask for help and support if you need it.

Manifest Destiny Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Manifest Destiny - Essay Example The originally-thought of as divine destiny to help other nations became an intense selfish purpose to divide and conquer other nations, not just northward, which justified the original term â€Å"continentalism† but also westward, or the whole world ultimately. This belief became a source of division among the American nation, particularly on the issue of â€Å"All Oregon or Nothing†. During the Anglo-American Convention of 1818 which discussed the joint occupation by the United States and Great Britain of the Oregon Country, the British government refused the idea of then President John Tyler to divide the Oregon Country along the 49th parallel. Instead, the British suggested that a boundary line along Columbia River be made. This was objected to by the advocates of Manifest Destiny. They wanted the whole Oregon Country instead of sharing it with the British. They demanded that annexation be made (otherwise known as 54degrees 40’N). Then Presidential candidate James Polk proposed to divide the Oregon Country along the 49th parallel. Again, the British refused the proposal. Advocates of Manifest Destiny cried out for â€Å"The Fifty-Four Forty or None!† When Polk became President, he insinuated to terminate the joint occupation agreement. Thus, the British had no option but to accede to the proposal of dividing Oregon Country along the 49th parallel. The Oregon Treaty of 1846 was born