Mission Statement For Apple Inc.

The company I choose to follow for the next 5. 5 weeks is Apple Inc.. They were founded on April 1, 1976 butt was incorporated on January 3, 1977. The founders were Steve Jobs and Steven Wozniak (Sanford, 2013). Apple Inc. mission statement is â€Å"Apple designs Macs, the best personal computers in the world, along with OS X, iLife, iWork and professional software. Apple leads the digital music revolution with its iPods and iTunes online store. Apple has reinvented the mobile phone with its revolutionary iPhone and App Store, and is defining the future of mobile media and computing devices with iPad† (Apple Inc. 2013). When you look at a mission statement especially in this case, Apple Inc. mission statement acts as a guide to the company’s internal efficiencies because it shows all that they have accomplished as for products and services that they give to their clients and customers. Apple Inc. is rated number 6 on the fortune 500 list and they are number 6 because their missions statement makes their internal efficiencies for developing the cutting edge products and innovations. They to are always upgrading their models with either new versions or allowing downloads of the latest software so their products don’t go out of date. The only on that can define the future direction of Apple Inc. , is that of the internal efficiencies of the company for the change in its internal efforts. When you look at their mission statement their efforts are based on the products that they offer. If they have a new innovation from their efficiency and efforts internally than it can also build and re-word their mission statement. Their internal efforts are what makes their mission statement and why they are the leaders in technology. No efforts have gone with out recognition. When you think of Apple Inc. , you think of 100% their mission statement. I personally am an apple user on all levels. I use to never understand a Mac, Mp3 player or now an Ipod let alone an Ipad. However, the two founders had a dream and goals. Those dreams and goals were effectively brought out by the internal efforts and efficiencies of what they founded. They are the leaders in technology and have competitors following in their footsteps. I am interested in the future mission statement of Apple Inc. and how their efforts and efficiencies internal can make that statement grow and grow. I wonder when Siri will make her debut on the mission statement. Siri is a good example of Apple Inc. , efforts internally for being the leader, best, reinventing and creating the future in technology. All this is from the credit of their internal company. Apple Inc. (2013). Frequently asked questions. Retrieved from http://investor.apple.com/faq.cfm?FaqSetID=6 Sanford, G. (2013). Apple-history. Retrieved from http://apple-history.com/h1

Compare Two Theories Of Learning Education Essay

This essay is traveling to be discoursing two different theories of larning within the Early Years Foundation Stage. The two theories that are traveling to be compared are the theory of Operant Conditioning which was conducted by Skinner and the second was the Social Learning Theory which was conducted by Bandura. The first theory that will be discussed is Operant Conditioning. B F Skinner was a behaviorist who studied kids ‘s behavior and from this he developed the theory of Operant Conditioning. Skinner developed the thought of Operant Conditioning the work of Edward Thorndike. One definition of Operant Conditioning is: â€Å" behavior that is followed by pleasant effects tend to be repeated and therefore learned. Behaviour that is followed by unpleasant effects tends non to be repeated and therefore non learned. † ( Alberto and Troutman, 2006 ; pg. 12 ) . Operant Conditioning consists of two different types of support. The first type of support is positive support. Positive support is a manner of reenforcing a coveted behavior in kids through positive feedback or wagess. For illustration, in footings of acquisition, a practician may praise a kid for giving the correct reply to a inquiry. There are two different types of positive support. These are positive reinforcing stimuluss and negative reinforcing stimuluss. Positive reinforcing stimulu ss are when a positive result is used as a wages. So for illustration, if a kid is acting a spine will be given to them at the terminal of the twenty-four hours. Negative reinforcing stimuluss are when something negative is taken off when the kid does something good. So for illustration, if a kid has non behaved and have been told that they are traveling to be losing some of their drama and the kid does something good subsequently on the kid will hold their drama returned. The 2nd type of support is negative support. This is besides known as penalty. Negative support can be explained by the remotion of a negative stimulation to increase the likeliness of the kid moving in the coveted manner. For illustration, if two kids are systematically speaking to each other negative support would affect dividing the two kids so that they can non speak to each other. There are two different types of negative support. These are negative penalty and positive penalty. Negative penalty is where some thing positive the kid has been given is taken off from them after bad behavior. If the school uses a chart system such as a rainbow chart to demo kids ‘s behavior and a kid has behaved throughout the twenty-four hours and had their name put on the rainbow, if they so misbehave they will be moved lower down the chart towards the cloud. Positive penalty is where the kid is misconducting and they have a negative response for it. An illustration of this is where the kid a child gets scolded for hapless behavior. Another illustration of this is where a kid stones on their and are told off for it. If they do it once more and fall off of the chair and hurt themselves they will larn non to make it once more. Children within the Early Years Foundation Stage are still larning the difference between what is right and what is incorrect. Operant Conditioning Theory is relevant to kids of this age group due to the fact that the cardinal construct of this theory is reward and penalty. If ki ds are rewarded for good behavior and punished for bad behavior systematically, they are more likely to larn the right manner to act. Skinner ‘s Operant Conditioning Theory can clearly be seen within my scene. Throughout my puting each of the categories use Operant Conditioning a batch with the kids. In my peculiar schoolroom, the instructor uses a system known as the rainbow system. The kids ‘s names start off on the Sun at the beginning of the twenty-four hours and if they behave truly good and work truly difficult so there name will be moved up to the rainbow and if they continue to work hard so their names move up to the pot of gold. At the terminal of the twenty-four hours if there are kids whose names are still on the pot of gold so they receive a spine. However, if the kids are being riotous, they are given a warning by the instructor and if they carry on so their names and moved down to the cloudy sky image and so if they still carry on their names will be moved down to the rain cloud. I feel that Operant Conditioning theory is relevant in my scene as it is used systematically throughout the sch ool. First, it is non merely in the EYFS it is used, it is besides used in all of the other categories through a virtue system. The virtue system is really good as if the kids get adequate virtues throughout the twelvemonth and their clip in the school they receive a wages. Besides, on Sports Day, they school is split into six different groups and if the virtues each kid gets throughout the twelvemonth for their group is added to the sum they receive on Sports Day and the group that wins is given the House Cup. Another ground why I feel that Operant Conditioning is relevant in my scene is due to the fact that it is consistent throughout the whole school. It is non merely used in the schoolroom, they besides use it in assemblies. For illustration, throughout the assemblies the practicians walk around and detect the kids and those that are acting throughout the whole of the assembly will have virtue points to manus to their instructor. However, there are some failings in the ways in w hich this system in used within my scene. For illustration, although it is a good thought, I feel that non all of the kids are recognised for their good behavior. Although I understand that it may be hard for the practicians to recognize all of the kids that are acting good, some of the kids may experience that they are non noticed for acting suitably. The 2nd theory in which is traveling to be discussed within this essay is Albert Bandura ‘s Social Learning Theory. Albert Bandura is a behavioristic theoretician. Social Learning Theory is based chiefly on Behaviourism and Cognitive Theory. The chief thoughts behind the Social Learning Theory are patterning and observation. An illustration of Social Learning Theory within a school scene is when a kid is misconducting and another kid who is really familiar with kid imitates their behavior. Social Learning Theory is relevant to the Early Years Foundation Stage due to the fact that the cardinal construct of this peculiar theory is fake and patterning. Children of this degree and age tend to copy others in footings of how they behave. They besides tend to copy those that are function theoretical accounts to them. Bandura ‘s Social Learning Theory is besides apparent within my arrangement. Throughout the school the instructors act as good function theoretical accounts for the kids and they try to acquire kids to retroflex good behavior. For illustration in my arrangement the instructors try to acquire the kids to retroflex good behaviors that they see within the schoolroom scene. So if a kid is non sitting softly and another kid is the instructor is likely to notice on the kid ‘s good behavior. Then the instructor will state the kid misconducting that should move how the other kid is moving. The theory is besides apparent within my arrangement through the practicians themselves. For illustration, kids tend to copy the ways in which their instructors behave, so the practicians within my puting behave in ways in which they want the kids to act so that the kids will retroflex good behavior. I feel that this theory is besides relevant in my arrangement. There are some strengths and wea knesses to this theory being used in the EYFS. First of all the strengths of utilizing this theory in my arrangement are that if a kid is acting good in the schoolroom, other kids around them are more likely to copy this behavior. However, a failing of this theory being used within my arrangement is that kids who are non behaving and are non addressed by the practician are besides likely to hold that behavior imitated by other kids in the category which could take to many of the kids acting in this manner. Operant Conditioning and Social Learning Theory are different in many different ways. First of all ; in Operant Conditioning the chief focal point is on honoring good behavior and penalizing bad behavior, but in Social Learning Theory the chief focal point is on kids retroflexing behaviors that they have observed and witnessed from their function theoretical accounts. Another manner in which operant conditioning and societal acquisition theory differ from each other is in footings of when kids learn. First of all, in operant conditioning, kids learn how to act from what they have experienced antecedently, whereas with societal larning theory, kids learn from each experience when they imitate a behavior from the practician or their schoolmates. Both of these theories are besides similar in many different ways. First of wholly, both of the theories focus on kids detecting behavior and behaving in a manner that they have learnt is the appropriate manner. So for illustration in operant conditioning the kids observe other kids around them acting to acquire wagess or they themselves have behaved in order to acquire wagess and they have learnt that to acquire the wages they need to act the same manner in which they did earlier. In societal acquisition theory the kids observe other people around them acting in a peculiar manner and they imitate this behavior, particularly if it is person they consider a function theoretical account or it is person who they are really good friends with. To reason, both of these theories are really utile to utilize in a schoolroom puting when working with younger kids. However, from my experience I feel that Bandura ‘s Social Learning Theory, may non be the best theory to utilize when working with the EYFS due to the fact that the kids are really immature and make non rather understand the construct of good and bad behavior and they do be given to copy the behavior of those around them that they are friends with. Overall, I do experience that although there are restrictions when utilizing Social Learning Theory both Operant Conditioning and Social Learning Theory do work good together in helping practicians in educating the kids within the EYFS.

Popular culture Essay

Popular culture may remember Vincent van Gogh best as the maddened artist who, in a fit of insanity, cut off his own ear to present to a local prostitute. This anecdote of van Gogh’s most scandalous moments has endured as well as his paintings. Nonetheless, this chronicle reveals part of the mental schema of the man who is commonly regarded one of history’s most famous artists. When van Gogh first arrived in Paris from Antwerp in late 1885, the most popular painters in the art scene were already the Impressionists; they had already found their way into mainstream galleries and exhibition. In the French metropolis, van Gogh was able to learn and analyze Impressionist techniques as well as artistic philosophy. To the Impressionists, painting was understood as a method to explore new approaches to painting. Fresh modes of representation were especially crucial as the burgeoning popularity of the camera offered technical opposition that man was hard pressed to eclipse. As the camera flattened the image before it with immense technical proficiency, the Impressionists sought to explore emotion, color, and paint application, aspects that the camera had yet to replicate. In turn, they altered the trajectory of Western art from exact representation towards more expressionistic and individualistic interpretations. All these attributes can be found Starry Night, painted by the mentally perturbed van Gogh in 1889. The painting is a vibrant clash of subdued calmness and overt, dazzling calamity. However, the lore behind Starry Night and its origins have generated much of the popularity behind the piece. Because of this, there have been numerous readings and interpretations of the work, all of which hold argumentative merit, yet the universal remains that Starry Night is a testament to Impressionist painting because of the evocative rendering of the paint into semi-abstract forms, elements which became synonymous Antwerp with the Impressionists and symbolists later years. Stylistically, Starry Night is not unlike many of the other works that van Gogh worked on while he painted in his self proclaimed â€Å"Studio of the South. † Van Gogh was a worldly art scholar who was familiar with the trends of the Impressionist scene in Paris. However, he arrived in the city towards the end the group’s series of exhibitions. Nevertheless, he held a somewhat cynical view of his colleagues. He thought painting could explore new methods of visual communication, to convey feels and emotions in which words were not sufficient. Van Gogh briefly united with his friend and fellow painter, Paul Gauguin, in northern French town of Brittany. However, van Gogh longed for the warmth and sun, so he fled to Arles in the Provencal area of south France on the Mediterranean Sea. There he set up the â€Å"Studio of the South† in his own household, using it and his local surroundings as visual inspiration for his tenure in the city. While in Arles, van Gogh fought a brief bout with madness, possibly from his self-imposed exile from a fostering art community. On the urgency of van Gogh’s brother, Theo, Gauguin joined his friend in Arles and the two were briefly content with their rejuvenated methods of representation. However, Gauguin left the â€Å"Studio of the South† after only a few months, again throwing van Gogh into a depressive turmoil. A year after Gauguin’s departure, â€Å"in May 1889, van Gogh, who had suffered two attacks of what we today would probably call manic depression, was sent to the sanatorium of St. Remy, near Arles, by his devoted brother Theo. It was there that work for Starry Night may have been preconceived. Unlike many of the impressionists’ paintings of the era, it is believed that van Gogh planned out this particular painting, instead of creating it autonomously. Instead, the artist aggrandized and melded together a variety of seen motifs to create an ecstatic vision. The scene was, by his own account, an â€Å"exaggeration,† its â€Å"lines as warped as old wood. † By these accounts, van Gogh intended Starry Night to be a proliferation of his own psyche into the painting that would appear both a natural embellishment of gnarled deformality. Additionally, other sources cite van Gogh as stating â€Å"Now I have a portrait of Dr. Gachet with the broken hearted feature of our times,† in reference to Starry Night. Dr. Gachet was van Gogh’s psychiatrist while he stayed in St. Remy, it is also believed that he suffered severe mental illness as well as his patient; further suggesting van Gogh intended the painting to be a portrait of madness itself. The technique van Gogh employed while removed from bustling French capitol includes an intense smothering of paint (impasto), almost as if it were poured directly from paint tube unto painting. Once applied, the paint is liberally built up upon itself, as if sculpted out s against the flat plain of the canvas. This same type of painting can be found in Starry Night. The rich yellow of the vivid moon and sporadic stars appear to radiate against the sky in thick radiations of slashed lines. Conditionally, the sleepy town below appears calmly and quite lethargically rendered, as if to replicate the peaceful tranquility found below. To the center-left emerges a cascading, spiraling figure, brown in color and looming menacingly over the city below. Together, the three elements, the night sky, the town, and the foreground element (referred to by many as cypress tree ), make up the entirety of Starry Night, and it is from these three elements one can hope to conclude any meaning behind the painting. The center of the painting depicts the rolling hills of the village of St. Remy, which cascade into the horizon line. The houses and hillsides are depicted in cool, dark, gentle tones of blues and greens. The tranquil color and brushstrokes are evocative of a sleepy, serene village town that has long gone to sleep. At the center of village, like so many similar places in Europe, stands the tall steeple of the church looming over the surrounding, smaller buildings. Dispersed among the houses appear a few bushes or trees, nothing spectacularly large or looming. Instead, this was saved for the escalating, immense, dark arrangement that envelopes nearly a third of the foreground, the cypress tree. The tree appears to be rendered in a way that implies movement or vitality. The brushstrokes that make up the trunk thrust towards the heavens, seemingly rotating around each other while twisting upwards. This mimics the steeple, the symbol of united faith and assurance, found below in the town. While not immediately recognizable, the tree’s shape and curvature mimic the style found in the paintings most notable element, the starry sky. The night is filled with coiling, swirling cloud patterns illuminated by the brilliances of surrounding stars and a bright, crescent moon in the upper-right corner. The sky physically dominates the painting and landscape, making up nearly two thirds of the surface area. Clearly emphasizing some sort of importance to the night sky, van Gogh rendered it completely opposite of the village below. Instead of calm, repetitive brushstrokes and colors, the sky is a violent explosion of blacks and deep blues, vivid whites that gleam against the intense darkness of town and cypress tree. At the center of the painting is the nebulous that is most associated with Starry Night. The rotating marks of the paintbrush thickly push the sky unto itself in a cyclone of fury and aggravated passion. The mysterious clouds may also represent some other elements of van Gogh’s psyche, especially considering how the Church is represented in the painting compared to immense spectacles of darkened masses. The â€Å"extraterrestrial existence promised by the night sky, the darkened townscape at the lower edge of The Starry Night suggests the limits of earthly life and its relative marginality in the larger scope of existence. The prominent church alludes to traditional religious practice and faith . . . while at the left a cypress . . . introduces a note of death. † Because it is known that van Gogh planned â€Å"Starry Night† before hand, the explanation for its origin has become prominently interesting to art historians. Consequently, the interpretations of such a confusing, evocative and unexplainable swirl in the sky remains muddled. Through examining van Gogh’s letters, many scholars have come to the interpretation that the artist used the painting to explore some theological territory of his mind. In reviewing the mental instability attributed to the artist, claims that â€Å"In September, 1888, Van Gogh confessed to ‘having a terrible need of – shall I say the word – religion. Then I go out at night to paint the stars. ’ The exalted, consoling image of the Starry Night was the result of that process of sublimation. † However, I think that it would be a mistake to assume that van Gogh attempts to reconstruct some personal connection to Christianity, even with the prominent inclusion of the church steeple. Rather, he may have sought to unite the prevalent faith found in Christianity with that of his impressionist techniques. The mysticism that surrounds any sort of spiritualism, including Christianity, helps unite the two portions of the physical and metaphysical worlds of the painting together. The vague subject matter in the sky, along with the impasto paint application, and confusing perspectives looking downward at the city while also facing the sky, are all staples of Impressionist techniques. These three characteristics are antithetical to the types of linear perspective that had been the cornerstone of Western art since the Renaissances. Van Gogh and his fellow Impressionists were not interested in painting narratives or didactic scenes; these merely obstruct the painter from clearly communicating his emotions to the spectator. Thus, when van Gogh claims that he has a need for religion, which leads him to the skies; this could be interpreted as a turn towards the natural surrounding world rather than the religion of man, transcribed in bibles and built into monasteries. Since â€Å"Starry Night† was not an authentic rendition of the night sky at any particular moment, one cannot assume that there was a literal cluster of violently tumbling clouds revealed by the evening’s gleaming stars. Nevertheless, even the whirling star form of Starry Night may have its astronomical counterpart, for it closely resembles the then-current depiction of the Whirlpool Nebula, a distant spiral galaxy. † If this were so, then van Gogh did not happen to stumble upon the Nebula on the night of the painting, but purposefully imposed it over the town for this particular rendering. Reasons because of this fall in line with many of the arguments scholars have made behind the painting’s meaning. Through, the meaning has been malleably conformed to various arguments, the motive behind its prominence within the painting are not as important was the effects of what it, with the symbols of the cypress tree and the town below say in conjunction with each other. As a painting onto itself, Starry Night can inspire many interpretations, which it has done so for over a century. Since it has been acquired by the Museum of Modern Art in New York City, the painting has been a representation of the museum and of Impressionism, and to that extent, modern art. Yet, as the painting was completed in a time when avant-garde artists were breaking off from traditional forms of literal representations and deep seeded symbols and signs associated with Renaissance painting. Instead of painting in a language of icons, van Gogh and the Impressionists hope to paint in a language of emotion. This meant that the application of paint in Starry Night, and van Gogh’s other works, are delegates of the artist’s mental facilities at the instant of painting. In retracing each brushstroke with the eye, following every kick and bump of paint as if it was being painted anew, one becomes briefly united with the artist and the moment of creation.

Poverty Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Poverty - Coursework Example Impacts of Poverty on Individuals Poverty has significantly impacted the lives and properties of individuals in developing countries like Africa. Poverty in Africa has led to the increase of child labor since most children lack basic commodities in their homes. They resort to child labor because a majority of them are actually the breadwinners in their families as the parents are incapable of providing for them or their siblings. Child labor has no moral dignity because children who are underage are employed by employers who exploit and abuse them because of their lack of knowledge and inability to find other venues to earn a living (Blackden & Wodon, 2006, p.137). Poverty in Africa has also led to unemployment of individuals leading to a decline in the living standards. Lack of jobs within most of African countries has witnessed sufferings of many families as they are forced to work for minimal wages which are below the standard living. Lack of unemployment affects the lives of indi viduals as they resort to vices and criminal activities like robbery, prostitution, drug smuggling and human trafficking to earn a living and take care of themselves and their families (Brinkerhoff, 2008, p. 17). Unemployment in Africa has earned the title of the most unsafe place in the world, and also the title of the continent with the highest number of human trafficking. Human trafficking occurs to willing and unwilling girls since most are poor, jobless single mothers who are promised well paying jobs abroad only to find out the harsh realities of the said jobs. Unfortunately, because of poverty many people are aware of human trafficking but still risk the lives by gambling that they could miss a rare opportunity. Poverty in Africa is also associated with various plagues like substance and alcohol abuse, lack of water, food and social amenities like hospitals, school and infrastructure causing a rise in diseases and security among others. Poverty is escalates depression and str ess levels; thus, most poor individuals seek solace in alcohol consumption or substance abuse to forget about their worries or relieve the stress. The effects of alcohol on an individual can not be underestimated because it gives an individual a false judgment of situation or a position. The end results are increase in accidents and crime within the society, and the country as a whole. Substance abuse is also harmful to individuals as it destroys their health leading to deaths and disabilities among the addicts. Alcohol and substance abuse also leads to lack of responsibility of parents who in turn do not provide food, shelter, clothing, medication and education to their families. Water and food related diseases are common with the poor because they are not in a position to lead healthy life styles. In most cases, the poor are associated to diseases caused by lack of nutrients in the body like malnutrition. These diseases when not treated lead to deaths of citizens living in differe nt parts of the countries found in Africa (Jamison, 2006, p. 339). Poverty in Africa has also led to the migration of individuals into different countries. Lack of unemployment, which is associated to poverty, has caused many individuals living in Africa to flee from their counties with the intent of seeking employment in their asylum countries (Crush & Frayne, 2010, p. 54). Migration in Africa

Principles of sovereignty and human rights Essay

Principles of sovereignty and human rights - Essay Example The principle of sovereignty holds that no nation may intervene in the affairs of another. On the other hand, international humanitarian laws hold that nation states must govern within the limits of respect for the human rights of their populace and upon the blatant violation of those rights, is rendered vulnerable to international humanitarian intervention. Even though, the previous phrasing lends to the assumption of an inherent conflict between human rights and sovereignty, this is not necessarily the case. In brief, as long as nation states adhere to the internationally recognized principles of human rights which they agreed upon and adopted through membership in the United Nations, their right to self-determination and autonomy are inviolable. It is only when they transgress upon the aforementioned do they become vulnerable to legitimate humanitarian intervention, implying infringement upon their sovereignty. Human rights and sovereignty are, accordingly, compatible and not nece ssarily contentious and conflicting principles. As one moves from the realm of theory to practice, however, one finds that the concept of humanitarian intervention has often been misused and abused for the purposes of justifying transgression against the sovereign rights of nations. . A critical analysis of the concepts of the right to self-defence, justice and morality on the international stage, indicate that all of the aforementioned have repeatedly been employed as justifications for the transgression against the independence of sovereign nations, with the implication being that while not necessarily contentious, the concepts of humanitarian intervention and sovereignty have been rendered such. Following the September 11th attacks on the United States, the British government, as did the American, sought the justification of the violation sovereignity of nations through a liberal interpretation of the doctrine of self-defence. Already, before September 11th the world's view of the justification of military action had been changing. The only clear case in international relations for armed intervention has been self-defense But the notion of intervening on humanitarian grounds had been gaining currency. I set this out, following the Kosovo war, in a speech in Chicago in 1999, where I called for a doctrine of international community, where in certain clear circumstances we do intervene, even though we are not directly threatened. I said this was not just to correct injustice, but also because in an increasingly interdependent world, our self-interest was allied to the interests of others So, for me, before September 11th was already reaching for a different philosophy in international relations from a traditional one that had held sway since the treaty of Westphalia in 1648; namely that a country's internal affairs are for it and you don't interfere unless it threatens you,

Module 5 SLP Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Module 5 SLP - Assignment Example The beverages section has yuban coffees, kool-Aid, Maxwell House and the Tassimo hot beverage. The refrigerated meals include hot dogs, Claussen pickles, and bacon. These products are retailed in over 170 countries that have seen its revenue grow to over one billion dollars (Allen & Albala, 2007). The company seems to have adopted mergers and acquisitions in order to introduce new products in different markets and to increase the level of its operations. Kraft foods group has adopted a decentralized organizational structure that can be categorized into three broad categories. These include the corporate core, the business unit, and the shared services. The business core is the highest level of authority. It sets the overall strategy of the corporation, sets performance standards, decides on the business portfolio and manages talent. The business units, on the other hand, develop short-term business strategies, run the businesses and are responsible for the financial performance of the business (Henry, 2008). The company can be said to be using a functional organizational structure. Employees within these functions perform specific duties. These employees in functional divisions report to a single authority. The top management integrates the duties of different functional departments in order to achieve cohesion that is critical to the achievement of a common goal. Each functional division in the organization sets its budget that is usually useful for one year. The budget majorly shows the expected income and expenditure for a particular period. Kraft Foods Group controls its expenses by grouping costs into cost centres for analysis. The budgeting process begins with forecasting of sales based on past information. Costs of different departments such as sales, administration and marketing are then allocated followed by capital expenses that are likely to be incurred. The budgeting process ends with developing a projected balance sheet and a profit

Equine Rescue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Equine Rescue - Essay Example animals with the intent of giving them good care are now floundering as their original plans prove too expensive and they are unsure how and where to cut the expenses. Neglect becomes a consequence of not knowing how to formulate an alternative plan for the care of their horses. In order to understand the issue, it is important to understand the responsibilities of an owner in caring for a horse. Every animal has a designed physical system that must be fed in a specific way. For the horse, the digestive system developed so that it could accommodate a nomadic lifestyle that provided a constant source of grazing (Prince & Collier, 1989, p. 81). Proper dental care for the horse is central to maintaining healthy eating habits as the horse must be able to liquefy his food through chewing before it is swallowed. The best way to feed a horse is to let them graze in a pasture. This sort of food provision is in line with nature and will provide most of his or her needs, except perhaps for an addition of salt if this is lacking in the area. If this is not feasible, then a cereal grain hay such as oat, barley or wheat would be the next A horse will need an area in which to exercise, and an area that will protect them from inclement weather and the elements. Ideally, anyone who has purchased a horse has a stable and land adequate for exercise available. According to Prince and Collier (1989), â€Å"A good stable site will allow for dry foundations, free drainage, good lighting, adequate water supply, and pure air† (p. 28). Loafing sheds are a place where horses can get out of the weather, yet still have access to the outside areas. These are usually built with three walls and are shared with several horses who have free access to them. Barbed wire, while used throughout a good deal of the West, is not ideal as fencing material because the horses end up with a great deal of injuries that can ultimately become infected or cause other health risks. Regular assessments of the

Hispanic American Diversity Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Hispanic American Diversity - Research Paper Example Among them, the majority are the Hispanics, and because of the increase in their population, they are on the verge of becoming the largest minority group in America, surpassing even the African American population. â€Å"For a country long used to seeing itself as black and white, it will be something of a shock when Hispanics become the nations largest minority group in five years and fully one-quarter of the population by mid-century.† (Robinson). Although Hispanics have a common culture and a common language of Spanish language, they are subdivided into four groups based on their native place’s culture. The four Hispanic groups are Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, Cuban Americans and Colombian Americans. Among the total population of Hispanics in America, Mexican Americans constitutes the largest group in terms of numbers. Linguistically they speak the common language of Spanish. Having large numbers in various constituencies in many states, the Mexican American group can influence vote swings during elections and also the political policies. Their social life mainly revolves around their immediate as well as extended family. Within the family, the male head will take care of the household expenses, while the female is responsible for all the household duties. They mainly follow the social customs of their native place, during most social occasions and also during religious festivals. All the Mexican Americans are Christian by religion; they are divided into Roman Catholics and Protestants. However, when their economic condition is viewed, it does not show a positive reading. As stated by Gaudette (2006), â€Å"The average household income of Mexican-Americans is 40 percent below t hat of non-Hispanic whites, due largely to lower education levels than nearly all other racial and ethnic groups, a new report shows†. Quite contrastingly to other Hispanic groups, Puerto

The Social Web and Security Risks on People's Information Essay

The Social Web and Security Risks on People's Information - Essay Example Indeed, those kinds of risks exist for both individuals and organizations—two kinds of entities that are both increasingly using social media as a way of communicate with others. Throughout this paper, the analysis of risks of social web will incorporate both individual users who may use social media casually to communicate with a particular circle of people, and organizations that may use social media to market their products and services to the public. Neither class is immune to the challenges that we all face when using social media to keep information private, since the process of making information public is irreversible. According to Pew Research (2011), the percentages of individuals using social networking sites, especially within the 18 to 29 age bracket, has skyrocketed since 2005 (Figure 1.). Similar sorts of trends can be observed in the 30 to 49 and 50 to 64 age brackets, although the sharpness of that curve is more subdued. Over half of people in all three of tho se age brackets, however, are using social networking websites, and roughly one-third of people 65 or older are using social networking websites. Considering the prevalence of social media in our 21st century reality, it is necessary to slow down and to give some thought to the drawbacks of this technology, in addition to its benefits. When discussing either drawbacks or benefits, one should keep in mind these rising statistics about usage. Social networking becomes more valuable as people join and connect, which means social media has a great deal of staying power. Figure 1. Social networking usage by age. Pew Research (2011). Figure 2. Communication methods used to engage employees. McCasland (2009). Clearly, social media is having a large-scale impact on how individuals communicate with others. However, organizations are increasingly utilizing social media. In fact, 21st century organizations consider social media as an important tool of marketing. In addition, social media has o ther uses, including to engage employees and to foster productivity (Figure 2.). As was mentioned previously, what is unique to the new phenomenon of social networking is that information uploaded to such websites is there permanently. In times of interpersonal networking without the internet, oral communication carried information from person to person. Oral communication is temporary and sometimes forgotten. However, in the 21st century, there is a public record of information that at some points in history individuals never would have thought to share with others. With such permanence to information, it is possible for undesirable consequences to come about by sharing. Sometimes these negative consequences are defined by a malicious intent, while at other times, these consequences are accidental. For instance, in organizations, blocking Facebook is not only a matter of preventing malware from entering company computers or keeping employees productive—it is also about posit ively representing the company to the public, which a Facebook profile essentially is (Cluley, 2010). Individuals sometimes forget that, like organizations, they have a public online presence that can be damaged by sharing their information in a public space. However, in spite of those potential threats, organization and individuals are still using the social web at miraculous rates. The primary benefit of social media is the connections that it

Awake - Creative writingWriting Essay Example for Free

Awake Creative writingWriting Essay The green leaf was melting in my hand. In her pink hair daffodils were sleeping as we were dancing and laughing through the forests thunder. She smiles. I feel like heavens on earth. She is the love if my life. Everything I ever wanted. The sun sparkles in her eyes of sugar while her soft lips kiss mines. Holding my arm around her waist a shiver of happiness explodes in my veins. I wish this kiss last forever. She is mine. I am hers. Forever as one. From the distance, I see like in a tunnel people dancing and drinking; a party. In the woods?! Like a tornado I feel absorbed and transposed by the dark light in that devilish world and the party becomes my reality oh no, where did the forest go? My love?! Dont leave me! The heat. The noise. The lights. The sounds were an apocalypse of evil. I look at my palm. Drugs. Everything was a hallucination, a frenzy I look around and all I see is people with evil smiles, blinded by the discos lights. As I turn my head round, I see a painting on the wall. No, it cant be but yes! Its her! This cant be a dream! Her white dress, hypnotic smile and her pink hair with daffodils and the trees, moaning in the winds wild breath. I approach and I feel how my heart struggles to reject the feeling of the pleasant pain of love which surrounds every inch of my being. Shaking, I hold out her and as my hand sinks into the painting I realize it is real! I can feel her tender skin again but even though my hand is in heaven, my eyes are in pain as I am blinded by a powerful shiny white light The disc of the sun is trapped in the vase on my desk which reflects a huge microscopic dot of light torturing my dreamy eyes. I try to open them as I feel my arm numb under my pillow. Half asleep, I smell a scent of toast and bacon. The sun pierces the curtains as I pull them back to reveal a lovely morning. As I step on the cold floor of my bathroom, trying to brush my teeth, I almost put soap on my toothbrush During my journey to school, I remember the weird dream I had, meanwhile the sun warms up my dreary face as the luring vanilla scent of the car tempts me to go back in the world of dreams, where nothing is impossible I arrived. As I approach my classroom, from the crowded mass, a new face catches my attention. A boy. Short, black straightened hair, round eyes. I dont think Ive seen him before. He is gorgeous. His appearance paralyses me as Im pushed over by the crowd. He fills the emptiness in my heart. His gestures are so perfectly surreal and full of everything I never had and always wanted I want him so bad In my desperate longing I feel a wave of painful hot tears of silence that reflect his image into my eyes. Im crying. Hell never be mine. I try to move but I realize I cant feel my body anymore. My legs are numb meanwhile I wish hed turn around once more. If only hed notice me. I cant even see him anymore because of the tears flooding my eyes. I never wanted something like this before! Therefore I felt like screaming his name? Shannon. Shannon His name was echoing inside me, beyond my being, within my tortured soul of pain, surrounded by weeping tears. I feel caught in a dizzy spin again people around me have no idea how love is supposed to feel like they are chatting and making noise therefore causing the violent tornado to spin me in circles of lights and pain as I hear a bell I need to hurry up no its the agitated alarm from my phone stop! Im awake now.

Family System

Family System Identifying Information:    Mr. Gil Buckman is 35 year-old European American Man. He is Married with 3 Children living in the home. The Buckmans are expecting a baby in February. (Grazer Howard, 1989) Presenting or Identified Problem:    Mr. Buckman is seeking services to help strengthen his family system. His primary concern is that his son Kevin age 9 is having difficulty in school and suffering from an emotional disturbance. Mr. Buckman feels Kevins struggles are a direct result of his parenting skills. Mr. Buckman is also struggling with a decision that must be made regarding his career. He wants to ensure his family stability but making partner may cost him time with his family. He would like to find another job but with a baby on the way he does not feel this is an option. (Grazer Howard, 1989) Medical History:    There are no known health risks. The Buckman family appears to be quite healthy. However, Gil reports that his father drinks quite heavily, mostly on special occasions and might possibly be an alcoholic. Kevin is seeing a psychiatrist for his emotional needs. (Grazer Howard, 1989) Immediate Family System:    The Buckman Home consists of the Client Gil Buckman, his wife Karen Buckman, and their 3 children Kevin, Taylor, and Justin. Karen is a 34 year-old, European American mother to Kevin age 9, Taylor Age 6, and Justin age 3. She is also expecting a baby. All of the children are the biological offspring of Gil and Karen and share their Ethnicity. The Spousal Subsystem Gil and Karen have difficulty communicating at times. Gil resents Karen for not telling him about the pregnancy sooner. Karen thinks Gil is blaming her for getting pregnant. Women have choices, Men have responsibility. They maintain a healthy sex life and mutual belief systems. (Pellebon, 2009) Sibling Subsystem: Kevin Taylor and Justin have petty arguments and antagonize each other. Kevin resents having to care for his younger siblings and often replies why do I have to do everything? when asked to help his siblings. (Pellebon, 2009) Parent/Child Subsystem: Gil is a doting father. He tries to rectify his own relationship with his father by being a better parent. He communicates well with his kids, keeping an open dialogue. He has a very macho type relationship with Kevin, while he is more nurturing with his daughter Taylor. Karen admits that they were more overprotective with Kevin when he was younger and less anxious with Justin. (Pellebon, 2009) Parent/Grandparent Subsystem: Gil and his father have a strained relationship. Gill is bitter that his father was neglectful. Frank realizes he has made mistakes and is reaching out to Gil. Frank also feels his son is a better father than he was. Recently hes been learning to communicate with Gil. He previously was more partial to Larry. (Pellebon, 2009) Extended Family System not in home:    Mr. Buckmans Grandmother age 88 lives with his Parents Frank age 64 and Marilyn age 63. Grandma has been uprooted since the visit of Frank and Marilyns youngest son Larry and his son Cool. The Buckmans are of European American Descent. Cool Buckman is bi-racial. His ethnicity is both European and African American. Gil has an older sister Helen, who is a single mom to Julie and Gary. He has a younger sister Susan who is married to Nathan and they have a daughter named Patty. The youngest sibling discussed earlier is Larry. The Buckman family is enmeshed with open dialogue. Family roles are clear with the occasional diffuse boundary. (Grazer Howard, 1989) Peer Relationships and Impairment:    Mr. Buckman is deeply rooted in his family. They have limited community involvement, Gil coaches his sons little league and Karen babysits children in the neighborhood. He has strained work relationships due to his lack of socializing in order to be with his family. His work and family responsibilities dont allow much free time for social networking. This can cause a deficit in support systems. (Grazer Howard, 1989) Environmental Factors:    Gil works outside the home. Karen stays home with the children. They live in a two story suburban home located in a very clean middle- class neighborhood. The home is modern and well furnished. Little financial struggle yet maintain a moderate budget. Gil and Karen seemed very chaotically connected to Gils family. They get along with their neighbors and the community. (Grazer Howard, 1989) Educational/ Vocational/ Employment History and Impairment:    Mr. Buckman chose to college instead of taking over his fathers business. He works in financial firm. His need to help his son is taking away from his ability to perform well in employment (Grazer Howard, 1989) Legal History:   Ã‚  Ã‚   Mr. Buckman does not have a criminal record nor has he sought legal services or been sued. His younger brother has a gambling addiction and has been involved with illegal racketeering. His niece Julie was arrested for panhandling. (Grazer Howard, 1989) Resources:   Ã‚   Gil Buckman sought services to help with his son, so he and his immediate family would be the Client System. However the extended Buckman Family are so enmeshed that it is hard to separate them. Therefore we will consider them to be a Target System. There is a tremendous transference of intrinsic and extrinsic energy between these two systems. Extrinsically, they spend a great deal of time with each other, helping with family events and combining resources such as serving dishes. Also they share in the responsibility of caring for Grandma. Intrinsically, their emotional responses add to the support the family provides. There are few boundaries in what is acceptable conversation. (Pellebon, 2009) The School and Child Psychologist would be the Action System in helping with Kevins emotional needs. However it is met with resistance from Gil, who fears the stigma of special education and feels responsible for causing the tension. He believes he has the potential energy to solve the problems within his own family subsystem. His intrinsic attempts to be there for him emotionally and mentally have proved futile. So he moved toward a more extrinsic approach by spending money on a psychiatrist and spending time coaching his sons baseball team. At this point Mr. Buckman feels he has exhausted these resources and seeks services elsewhere. (Pellebon, 2009) Special Circumstances:    The Buckman family has no religious affiliation. There are also no known physical or mental health problems. There appears to be a great deal of tension within the family and Kevin suffers from an emotional disturbance. Frank Buckman has been known to abuse alcohol. (Grazer Howard, 1989) Life Area Impairments:    Gil feels his fathers drinking causes some embarrassment at weddings and family fucntions. However no one has intervened. They make light of it and go on. Kevins emotional issues have put a great deal of added pressure on the family. (Grazer Howard, 1989) Cognitive Affective and Behavioral Functioning:   Ã‚   Gil is college educated and quite intelligent. Has strong cognitive abilities but does not handle stress or tension well. He becomes very irritable and irrational. He raises his voice to his family and uses a negative tone. He does not have much confidence in his parenting skills as he has resentment toward his own father. Mr. Buckman is generally content except when dealing with family or work. He tries to be nonchalant until he feels his ability to handle responsibilities is threatened. (Grazer Howard, 1989) Positive Reinforcement: Frank knows Larry is gambling and gives him money to help covering his losses. He is reinforcing the behavior to gamble; even when Larry loses he is rewarded with more money from his father. (Pellebon, 2009) Negative Reinforcement: Nathan did not allow Patty to attend preschool and limited her time with Gils kids. He believed that removing these social influences would increase her ability to learn and maintain her extreme intelligence. (Pellebon, 2009) Positive Punishment: Grandma notices Gil is tense and arguing with Karen. So she tells a story of her first roller coaster ride using it as metaphor for life. She in a sense scolds Gil for getting upset hoping to stop his ranting. (Pellebon, 2009) Negative Punishment: The family shares extrinsically, giving and combining resources but when Larry comes for a visit they are guarded with their money. They believe withholding money from Larry will stop his erratic spending behavior. (Pellebon, 2009) Respondent Conditioning: Gil felt abandoned by Frank. Frank would take him to a baseball game every year and leave him with an usher leaving him feeling abandoned by his Dad. Even as an adult baseball games trigger sad memories and feelings of abandonment. (Ashford, LeCroy, Lortie, 2006) Habituation: The Buckman family learns to bond and communicate by the routine of tucking the children into bed every night. Saying goodnight and I love every night creates a habit of showing care and affection. (Ashford, LeCroy, Lortie, 2006) Modeling: Gil spends time with his kids and communicates with them in order to model good parenting skills. He hopes that by being a good parent that his kids will grow up to be good parents. He was not aware that his father was also observing and learning to be a better parent. (Ashford, LeCroy, Lortie, 2006) Vicarious Learning: Karen learns that her sister-in-law Susan would give her husband Nathan oral sex in the car when he would get tense. Later when in the car with Gil when he is tense she attempts to calm him down in the same manner. (Pellebon, 2009) Strengths and Weakness:    Gil Buckman is very motivated to make a positive impact on his family. He doesnt cope well with stress. However he is eager to implement change in his life. He lacks self control yet he is resourceful and goal oriented. He is assertive, and willing to preserve in order to meet the needs of his family. Mr. Buckman gets along well with others, yet has limited ties to his community. What little involvement he has is positive, he has effect peer relationships. (Grazer Howard, 1989) Multidimensional Assessment: Mr. Buckman has the capabilities to utilize resources provided to him. He has adequate means to meet the needs of his family. His readiness to implement change will assist him in his preparation to care for Kevins emotional problems.

Operating System Used In Portable Devices Computer Science Essay

Operating System Used In Portable Devices Computer Science Essay This report is about Operating system used in portable devices like PDA and laptops etc. As the passage of time consumer needs are becoming more and more demanding and life is becoming compact so as devices are also becoming more powerful and their OS also more advanced and complicated we will discuss some those most commonly used OS and their different uses and the devices they are used produced by different manufacturers and a brief introduction to OS and its types. Operating system is the most important program which enables hardware to communicate with each other and humans also. Every program needs an operating system to run on computers or handheld devices. It is responsible of managing inputs given by user and transferring them into desired outputs by using devices like keyboard, mouse, printers and monitors etc. attached to motherboard. OS usually exists in hard drives of computers or in handheld devices in flash rom memory. OS also arrange, manage organize all file and folders on computers. The more systems are larger the more complex the process in those system becomes so the OS used in these systems are more powerful and the task they perform are also exponential. They are capable of doing many tasks simultaneously without interference of each other and providing expected performance at the same time. Different type of OS available for desktop or laptops are Windows which is dos based and Mac OS which is Unix based, Ubuntu which is Linux based etc. and for handheld there are many choices as well like Symbian OS, Android, Windows mobile and apple iOS etc. Operating system can be mainly of four types based on their use and support. They are as follows: Real time OS This OS is developed for devices which have limited memory and to make them efficient and fast less coding is used as resources are crucial and execution time needs to be minimal. Example is Windows CE. Single user single Task It is a advanced version of previously mentioned Real time OS. In this type one user can perform one task at one time. The palm top or PDA fits in this type. Example is Window mobile. Single user multi Task This is the most commonly used OS type nowadays. These OS are capable of Multitasking and capable of performing all user tasks as multimedia, internet ,games and all commonly used tasks Example of this type could be Window 7 ,Mac OS etc. Multi User These are the most powerful OS of all. They are capable of handling many users at same time and providing all of them with the resources they need. These OS are not like single user multi task where only one user can perform task at a particular time in this type many user can login at same time. Example is UNIX, Linux etc. Literature Review The increasing demand of handheld or portable devices created a new era in computing history as from year 2000 and onwards the approach of people regarding mobile devices changed and life started becoming fast and compact day by day so the need of business and entertainment devices and so the mobile OS started become popular and lots of computer hobbyist and developers started developing faster and efficient mobile OS and its applications. The use of internet, emails and messaging started becoming popular in devices and these facilities started becoming a part of handheld devices and some of those are discussed below. 1) PDA PDA stands for Personal Digital Equipment usually called pocket pcs or pocket computers it is an handheld device which has functionalities like phone, internet, multimedia etc. all in pocket able size. User interact with these through a stick called stylus or nowadays mostly fingers some of these also have built in QWERTY keyboards for quick and better input. PDA also have features like hand recognition, voice recognition and gesture response. 1.1) Types of PDA Some types of PDS available are as follows: 1.1.1) Palm It is kind of PDA which runs its own OS called Palm OS example could be Palm TX, Palm Pilot etc. Palm became a very renowned name in portable computing industry. It played a major role in the development of PDAs it introduced a variety of different versions of devices in market. Palm OS can also be found in Sony Clie, Handspring Visor and Tapwave Zodiac. 1.1.2) Pocket PCs These kinds of PDA are usually based on Microsoft Windows Mobile OS which uses Windows CE core. They are capable of all sorts of functionalities like video and music playback, Web browsing through built in internet explorer, fax sending, and email etc. There are many manufacturers of pocket pcs in market some of which are HP, HTC, Motorola, Dell etc. 2) Laptops These are smaller, lighter and in most cases equally powerful in performance computers compared to desktops. They are meant to do computing on the move. laptops got large capacity ,more memory and better processors as compared to other mobile computing devices. They run Windows Xp, Vista or 7, Mac OS and Ubuntu etc. 2.1) Netbooks These are a newer kind of laptops which are much smaller in size as well as computation. They include all components as normal laptops but in scaled down version there size is normally of a A4 size page and qwerty keyboard with a bit less keys then normal laptops. They are capable of performing normal day to day task as surfing web, using word watching HD YouTube widows (newer versions only).There battery life vary from 8 to 9 hrs. That is 4 to 5 times more than standard size laptops. Mostly Ubuntu, Android, Windows XP and Windows 7 starter are used as OS in netbooks. 3) Other Mobile OS We have discussed Palm OS and Windows Mobile but there are very well known OS which are as follows: 3.1) Symbian OS This OS is the most renowned in the industry and more than 85 percent of mobiles manufacturer use this as standard in their devices and lots of developers had become interested in developing their applications which totally changes the user experience of Symbian running devices. Symbian has released different versions of its OS like Symbian series 20 or 30 for low end handsets, Symbian series 40 and 60 for mid-range and series 90 for high end business communicators and uses 2.5G and 3G. 3.2) Android This is the one of the most promising and trusted OS compared to others. It is verily used in devices like 3G internet tablets ,mobile phones and recently released a 4G version of their android also installed in HTC EVO 4G. It is mainly based on Linux kernels so the development is quite easier and lots of applications are already in market for this OS. 3.3) iOS It is created and developed by apple Inc. It was knows as iPhone OS before it uses apple OS X also UNIX like OS. The new version iOS 4 is a hybrid system and it uses kernel type from Darwin foundation uses 4 abstraction layers. It also supports multitasking and features like video calling, VoIP (Voice over internet protocol), background music playback etc. Conclusion Operating System of devices like PDA and Laptops solves many user problems as the passage of time these mobile devices are more and more compact and high performance so their OS is also becoming more and more complex to develop. As we can see from this research that plenty of mobile devices companies are paying more attention to their OS because if its poorly designed whole device no matter how best the hardware is will change whole user view about device. If the device is losing its internet connection every second or hanging or giving unexpected errors means its OS is not properly developed and tested after implementation on device under different scenarios and environment. The best examples of well-designed OS in mobile industry are Android, iOs, Symbian etc. as mentioned in this report. Laptops on the other hand can run any desktop version OS according to their hardware capabilities and netbooks usually use lighter version of these OS as we have seen in this report.

Wuthering Heights - Short Analysis Essay :: essays research papers

Conflict is the basic foundation for Emily Bronte's Wuthering Heights. Much of this conflict results from a distinct division of classes and is portrayed through personal relationships, for example the unfriendly relationship between the higher-class Lintons and the lower-class Heathcliff. Conflict is also portrayed by the appearance of characters the setting. The division of classes is based on cultural, economic, and social differences, and it greatly affects the general behaviour and actions of each character. The setting of Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange provides a clear example of social contrast. While the Heights is depicted as simply typical and "domestic," the Grange is described as a "scene of unprecedented richness". Each house is associated with behaviour fitting the description. For example, when Catherine is taken into the Grange, she experiences drastic changes, thus going from a "savage" to a "lady". While at this house, she rises in status, learns manners, and receives great privileges such as not having to work. Heathcliff, on the other hand, learns to classify himself as a member of the lower class, as he does not possess the qualities of those at the Grange. Catherine's decision to marry Edgar Linton rather than Heathcliff widens the gap between social classes because Edgar Linton is a wealthy man of high status, and Heathcliff is poor and possesses no assets. Catherine does not consider personal feelings, but instead, she focuses on her outward appearance to society. This is shown when she says, "Edgar Linton will be rich and I shall like to be the greatest woman of the neighbourhood whereas if Heathcliff and I married, we should be beggars.† In Wuthering Heights wealth signifies social class because Catherine strives to achieve high status by marrying the rich man over the poor man. The story concludes in "resolution and reconciliation". Wuthering Heights - Short Analysis Essay :: essays research papers Conflict is the basic foundation for Emily Bronte's Wuthering Heights. Much of this conflict results from a distinct division of classes and is portrayed through personal relationships, for example the unfriendly relationship between the higher-class Lintons and the lower-class Heathcliff. Conflict is also portrayed by the appearance of characters the setting. The division of classes is based on cultural, economic, and social differences, and it greatly affects the general behaviour and actions of each character. The setting of Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange provides a clear example of social contrast. While the Heights is depicted as simply typical and "domestic," the Grange is described as a "scene of unprecedented richness". Each house is associated with behaviour fitting the description. For example, when Catherine is taken into the Grange, she experiences drastic changes, thus going from a "savage" to a "lady". While at this house, she rises in status, learns manners, and receives great privileges such as not having to work. Heathcliff, on the other hand, learns to classify himself as a member of the lower class, as he does not possess the qualities of those at the Grange. Catherine's decision to marry Edgar Linton rather than Heathcliff widens the gap between social classes because Edgar Linton is a wealthy man of high status, and Heathcliff is poor and possesses no assets. Catherine does not consider personal feelings, but instead, she focuses on her outward appearance to society. This is shown when she says, "Edgar Linton will be rich and I shall like to be the greatest woman of the neighbourhood whereas if Heathcliff and I married, we should be beggars.† In Wuthering Heights wealth signifies social class because Catherine strives to achieve high status by marrying the rich man over the poor man. The story concludes in "resolution and reconciliation".

Bowling For Columbine as a Carnivelsque Essay -- essays research paper

To what extent can BFC be viewed as drawing on key elements of Bakhtin’s notion of carnivalesque? Bowling for Columbine is a post-structural film produced by Mike Moore. It leaves a message about America and its people. Today, the world is not a safe place. However, the world is made unsafe by the people who don’t believe it is safe. This is what the film is based on: fear and guns. Bowling For Columbine is a carnivalesque to an extent as it contains many elements of a carnivalesque. These elements are shown through repetition, polyphony of voices and the creation of another world. Many responders would believe that this movie is a misleading act based on Mike Moore’s self-promotion. When looking beneath the surface however, we can see that the film is trying to say something about America, even though there is no clear answer to the question being asked. This is why the film is a post-structural text. There is more than one answer and texts are interpreted depending on the responder’s context. It is not a documentary however because a documentary is a discussion based on evidence for and against. Although Bowling for Columbine provides facts, it is biased. Mike Moore presents a film that is dialogical in nature. He arranges questions and scenes in the film to get the answer or response that he wants. Also, the camera used is analogous to Moore’s own gun. He targets certain people and appears on the scene so as to make himself seem bigger. His camera is also used to ‘shoot’ people with questions that he already knows the answer to. This happens to people such as the bank employees and youths Bent and BJ and this is why responders may think the film is a reason for self-promotion. There is no clear cut answer to the question that is constantly being asked throughout the film. This is why Bowling For Columbine’s narrative is polyphonic. Polyphony allows multiple voices to be expressed. As there are too many different people in the world that have different contexts such as age and cultural background, one clear answer can not be stated in the film. This silence is important because it shows that what is important is missing, the answer to why so many people are killed each year. Polyphony also makes it possible for anything to be said as there are no dominant voices. It does not matter what ranking in society you are or where you come from, all people ca... ...l and maybe The Ramones version of â€Å"What a wonderful world† would be more appropriate. People in the movie itself also make fear and guns seem insignificant and funny such as the news reporter who is only interested in how his hair is instead of the shooting of a primary student. All these ideas shows the unserious attitude used so that people can survive in this harsh world. These elements all show how Bowling For Columbine is a carnivalesque. A polyphonic narrative allows for everyone to speak their opinion so that an idealogy that tries to have the last word on the subject is destroyed. Repitition of the same idea and random images presents many ideas and shows that the question is never answered. The creation of another world and humour helps deal with the harsh world in which we live in. The world can not be peaceful when fear is so easy to be bought through guns. It seems that the question, why are there so many killings in America, is never answered in the film and until there is an answer there can not be a solution on which everyone will agree on. Analysing Bowling For Columbine as a carnivalesque shows what kind of world we are living in; not exactly a wonderful world.

Accounting Standards Boards Essay

Increased globalization in the business world has brought to fore some of the issues and challenges that multinational businesses face in financial recording and reporting of foreign based operations. With operations based in different countries that operate under different accounting principles and with varying currencies, there has been a need for the accounting principles and standards to be converged. This has in the past nine years seen the accounting policy making suggesting a complete overhaul in the way financial statements are reported and a convergence between the US’s generally accepted accounting principles (US GAAP) and the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). This has been through various meetings between the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and US Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), two boards which determine these accounting standards. This paper therefore evaluates the history of the two boards and their relationship and looks at IASB equivalents to FASB original pronouncements. It also describes how a Master of Science in Accounting would prepare a student for an accounting profession. History of the Relationship between FASB and IASB US Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) is a board which is responsible for setting and improving financial accounting standards in the US and for governing and fostering preparation of financial reports by non-governmental organizations (Financial Accounting Standards Board, 2012).International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) on the other hand is also an independent board responsible for setting international financial reporting standards (IFRS Foundation, 2011). Whereas IASB and IFRS takes a principle based approach to accounting standards setting, FASB’S GAAP does this through pronouncements which are based or rules. They both put a lot of emphasis on income statements, balance sheet, statements of changes in equity and cash flow statements as key reports that are important in financial reporting. Over the past decade these two boards which determine the accounting standards in the world have been working towards ensuring that the financial reporting all over the world converges. The convergence concept first took root in the 1950s in response to the cross border capital inflows that were as a result of the economic integration after world war two. These efforts initially focused on reducing difference in accounting principles between major capital markets globally otherwise referred to as harmonization of the accounting principles. By 1990s the concept had changed into convergence which sought to build high quality financial reporting standards to be applied internationally (Financial Accounting Standards Board, 2012a). Both developed in the 1970s, FASB and IASC (international Accounting Standards Committee) a predecessor to IASB, set a trend for expanding international accounting standards and with the reorganization of IASC into IASB in 2001, the use of IFRS among various countries has progressed rapidly. For instance, over 100 countries and the European Union use these standards issued by IASB. The U.S. mainly uses its own issued US GAAP (Progress Report, 2011; Cain, 2008). IASB and FASB have been working together towards converging the IFRS and the US GAAP since 2002. Even China and Japan have been working to bring together their accounting standards with IFRS as at 2009. Over the past decade the pace of convergence has been very fast with the internationalization of standards growing rapidly. In 2010, Securities and Exchange Commission in the US issues a report supporting the convergence of these standards through incorporation of â€Å"the IFRS in the US financial system† (Financial Accounting Standards Board, 2012a). This implies that the US has been increasing exploring adopting IASB’s IFRSs, although there have been issues such as the fair value issues in IFRS and the cost of implementation that have slowed the progress. The IASB equivalents of the FASB original pronouncements As noted above, IASB’s IFRS takes a principle based approach to accounting standard setting as compared to FASB’s pronouncements which are viewed to be much stricter. In essence therefore, though IASB and FASB may address similar accounting concepts their approach to it may be different. It is these IASB’s equivalents to FASB’s pronouncements that bring the differences between GAAP and IFRS standards. Evaluating the FASB’s original pronouncements and IASB, the manner in which accounting concepts are approached can be noted. These are: whereas IASB’s IFRS requires that inventory costs of spoilage and idle capacity be excluded from the cost of inventory, FASB’s GAAP does not; IFRS requires yearly comparison of financial statements unlike US GAAP which only views comparisons as â€Å"desirable† but require three year comparisons; IFRS permits but does not require reporting of â€Å"comprehensive income† unlike US GAAP which requires it; IFRS classifies liabilities as non-current if refinancing is complete before the date of the balance sheet unlike GAAP which classifies it as so, if refinancing is completed before the financial statements are issued; and prohibition of extraordinary items from the financial reports by IFRS unlike GAAP which permits but to a restricted items which affect profit and loss (Deloitte, 2004; FASB Report, 2002). Other accounting concepts that differ between IASB and FASB’s original pronouncements are that IFRS requires that LIFO method of determining inventory cost be prohibited in IAS 2, unlike US GAAP which permits LIFO in SFAS 151, and that IFRS requires reversal of inventory write downs if given criteria are met unlike US GAAP which prohibits it. In addition FASB permits that inventory at net value be measured even if it is above cost unlike IFRS which restricts this to producers and broker-dealers inventories. FASB classifies the interest received and paid as operating activity in the cash flow statement unlike IASB which may classify it as financing, investing or operating activity. This leaves room for a number of interpretations. Furthermore, though FASB excludes overdrafts from cash, IASB includes it if it forms a critical and integral part of an organization’s cash base or cash management (Deloitte, 2004; FASB Report, 2002). Other IASB equivalents to FASB pronouncements are enumerated as shown below (Deloitte, 2004; FASB Report, 2002): -IFRS restates previous financial statements in the event of non-mandated changes in accounting policy, unlike FASB which includes cumulative effects current financial statement’s net loss and profits -IASB uses change in estimated method to evaluate changes in depreciation of assets, unlike FASB which used change in accounting policy that is the net profit or loss cumulative effect. -IASB uses cost recovery method for construction contracts when the completed percentage cannot be determined for sure unlike the USA GAAP which uses completed contract method -IASB does not recognize deferred tax due to the an asset or liability transaction that doesn’t affect accounting or taxable profit and is not a business combination in IAS 12 unlike the US GAAP recognizes this these through its lack of â€Å"initial recognition exemption† as addressed in SFAS 109. -US GAAP has special exemptions due to the provision of deferred tax such as leveraged leasing, intangible developments in the gas and oil industry and undistributed earnings -IASB uses a tax rate that is â€Å"substantially enacted† to measure deferred tax liabilities and assets, which can be left to a lot of interpretations, unlike FASB’s enacted tax rate which is sure and consistent -IASB uses rate applicable to undistributed earnings of an organization to measure the deferred tax on those earnings , unlike FASB which uses the higher of the tax rate between the one applicable to undistributed profits and the one applicable to distributed profits as addressed in SFAS 109 -IASB recognizes expense for share-based payment based on fair value of the payment whereas FASB recognizes this based on intrinsic value at grant date -IASB measures business combinations on the date of the acquisition whereas FASB does this on the date of consummation or closing date -IASB requires that recognizing a liability prior to acquisition restructuring be only if the one being acquired recognizes it under IAS 37, this is unlike FASB which recognizes it if the acquisition has already began -IASB recognizes in process R&D as an intangible finite asset or good will, unlike FASB which recognizes it as expense How MSA Program prepares student for professional Accounting A Master of Science in accounting program is very important for anyone who intends to pursue an accounting career in the future. This program prepares a student by providing knowledge on the various accounting principles that need be applied in accounting profession. It also makes a student be aware of the various accounting standards that are existing in the world, how each differ, and how accounting records and done in each. In addition such a program provides analytical and critical thinking abilities. In addition, it offers a global perspective on accounting practices and business issues and provides a framework for effective development for team building and leadership skills, and ethical decision making in business. Lastly it will enhance interpersonal and communications skills through interactions which seek to learn ways of solving problems and issues in the accounting and finance realm. All these are critical for a career as an accountant. Conclusion This paper has discussed the history of the FASB and IASB boards and their relationship and has looked at IASB equivalents to FASB original pronouncements. It has shown that standardized management accounting and controlling concepts that transcend national boundaries are increasingly needed with concern on the need of an internationalized Accounting and financial reporting standard to help in comparing of financial statements of countries from different countries and also to make it efficient and less costly for multinational companies when they are conducting financial reporting of their performance. IASB and FASB have made tremendous progress thus fur in their bid to converge the global accounting standards.

Metapath Case Report Essay

1. PURPOSE The purpose of this briefing note is to provide recommendations for Metapath Software Corp. (â€Å"Metapath†) on its financing offers received in September 1997. These two offers came from 1) a fund consortium led by Robertson Stephens Omega Fund (â€Å"RSC†) and Technology Crossover Ventures (â€Å"TCV†) and 2) CellTech Communications (â€Å"CellTech†), a vendor of wireless technology which had recently gone IPO. 2. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Metapath has made good progress in developing its business since its inception – generating $6.4m revenue in the September quarter of 1997 with representation of three large customers. However, with the ambition to win a good chance of IPO within the next two years, more capital needed to be raised to gain traction in customer acquisition and smooth out current quarter-to-quarter revenues. Metapath has received two offers as at September 1997 and they are discussed as follows: RSC and TCV consortium offered to buy $11.75 million of stock at a $76 million pre-money valuation (â€Å"Series E Preferred†). The proposed stock instrument was a participating convertible stock (â€Å"PCPT†). This instrument functions the same as the convertible preferred stock in the event of a qualified public offering whereas in the event of a sale, RSC and TCV consortium not only receives the face value of the consideration, but also gets the equity participation. CellTech offered Met apath’s shareholders to receive common stock at closing in CellTech at $115 million. 3. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS The problems associated with the offers from RSC and TCV consortium are listed as follows: Proposed stock instrument is extremely dilutive to the founders in the event of a sale where the liquidity preference will reduce  the amount of funds available to the other four tranches from previous investments. If the Metapath goes public, the percentage of ownership for C & D tranches will be further diluted, after RSC and TCV consortium exercises its liquidity preference. The problems associated with the offers from CellTech are listed as follows: CellTech’s liquidity and financing issues. Strategic/Business fit between CellTech and Metapath. 4. ANALYSIS Comparing the term sheet of the offer from RSC and TCV consortium to that of CellTech, RSC and TCV’s PCPT had a much more dilutive impact to Metapath upon exit. Under liquidation, the term sheet stipulates that the Series E investors is entitled to claim its initial investment of $10.75 million plus any accrued but unpaid dividend. Any proceeds after this claim will then be distributed to all common and Series E Preferred shareholders on an as-converted pro-rata basis. This double dipping means that RSC will not only recover its initial investment of $5 millions, but also enjoys the convertible benefits. As a result, if the sale occurs before 2000, the profitability for A-D tranches will be negatively impacted by the ‘preferred’ characteristic in the Series E. However if the sale occurs after 2000, A and B tranches will be gradually redeemed on an annual basis, which will leave C and D tranches to be mostly impacted adversely by the preferred characteristic in the Series E stock. Under the circumstance of an IPO, tranches C, D and E will convert to common at their negotiated prices while A & B will be redeemed. However, on the flip side, the price offered by RSC and TCV consortium was $6, which was significantly higher than the first three rounds of financing (tranches A,B and C) at $1.05 and final round (tranche D) at $1.62. PCPT instrument was created to enable the consortium to mitigate the risks in the event of a sale/liquidation that would be of the founders’ interests and  value destroying. CellTech’s valuation of $115 million was certainly attractive for a company like Metapath with a revenue run rate of $25.6 million. However, this represents approximately 30% of the totally capitalisation. The willingness from CellTech to sacrifice such a large amount of capital indicates that either CellTech genuinely believed that Metapath would contribute significantly to the synergies to the NewCo or there could be asymmetric information hidden from the management. It signalled CellTech’s underlying business might have limited upside. This issue needs to be further investigated if offer is accepted from CellTech. In addition, CellTech’s balance sheet indicated ongoing liquidity and financing risks. As we can see from the table below, the company continued to face liquidity pressure where its cash ratio and quick ratio deteriorated over the course from 1995 to 1997. CellTech had six consecutive quarters operating loss, which indicated that its unhealthy operating cash flow ratio. Doubts were raised whether CellTech was a good strategic fit to Metapath’s business model. This is due to the fact that CellTech’s products were mostly hardware-based and installed in the field with cellular base stations, whereas Metapath’s products largely consisted of software running on standard server platforms in the wireless switching office. The only benefit gauged regarding this point was that some of CellTech’s engineers could potentially be useful to Metapath’s development group. 5. CONCLUSIONS The recommendation for Metapath is to take the offer from RSC and TCV consortium. Even though CellTech has performed well since the IPO and bullish views from the stock analysts, its potential information asymmetry issues and liquidity risk could harm the value of Metapath post acquisition. The limited strategic fit is also of our concern, which might constrain Metapath’s growth potential. With our ambition to lead Metapath to IPO, we see RSC and TCV consortium as a better fit in this case. Tranches A and B’s  interests will be protected through their initial capital structures. Tranches C and D’s interests will be diluted; however it enables Metapath to continue its growth momentum with limited downside.

Principle of Management

The purpose of this paper is to discuss Verwaayen decision-making skills in leadership role at Alcatel-Lucent. I will explain in details the manner in which decisions were made, risk factor, and the contribution to business. The decisions managers make at all level in business have a remarkable impact on the growth and wealth of the companies and the interests of employees, customers, and other stakeholders. Verwaayen resigned from Alcatel-Lucent in 2013 due to poor job performance.Ben Verwaayen is a Dutch businessman. He graduated from Utrecht University with a degree in law and international relation in 1975. He has been the CEO of Alcatel-Lucent since 2008. Verwaayen was under pressure to help (Alcatel-Lucent) a stressed networking-equipment manufacturer to become profitable again. Firstly, I will describe the type of decisions Verwaayen made as CEO. Secondly, I will publicize the risks and uncertainty made. Thirdly, I will explain what decision-making strategy management used.Las tly, I will expound on the ways I assume Verwaayen contribute organization’s learning at Alcatel-Lucent. Firstly, I will describe the type of decisions Verwaayen made as CEO. On Verwaayen first day as CEO, he received an email asking him for approval to hire a new secretary in a Poland office after 16 executives had already agreed. Verwaayen was surprise that executives had agreed to hire someone they never met or talked to. He put in place a directive allowing managers to hire their own personnel. This was the first decision that Verwaayen made at Alcatel-Lucent.Decision-making is the process by which managers react to opportunities and pressure by analyzing the choices and making decisions about certain organizational aspirations and courses of action according to Jones and George page (149) in our textbook. There are two types of decision-making; programmed or nonprogrammed. Verwaayen used programmed decision-making when he gave the managers authority to hire own staff. Ot her decisions that Verwaayen made including the company stopped hedging and wage that a 4G wireless LTE technology would materialize instead of rival WiMax.Secondly, Verwaayen decisions had a dramatic impact on Alcatel-Lucent, as well as opportunity risk. The decisions Verwaayen imposed helped Alcatel-Lucent redevelop their infrastructure, profits, and increased the stock value. Verwaayen gave the managers the responsibility to pursue issues that are important to them. The business goal that executives put forward as the new Alcatel-Lucent norms after the merger in 2008 worked for the executives. Risks and uncertainties in these decisions could have been overwhelming to the structure of the business.Accountability by managers could have abused to seek personal gain instead of business, and the decision to spend greatly on the 4G LTE technology could have fail if the key carriers in the Unites States chose to use other networking methods for their smart phones. Thirdly, Verwaayen and other top managers choose to pursue major issues in which they found to be critical toward the current culture and infrastructure of the company. Upon changing the culture and structure of the company Verwaayen and his top managers were able to make case by case decisions for the company.I believe if Verwaayen had used these six steps with the other managers: recognize the need for a decision, generate alternatives, choose among alternatives, implement the chosen alternative, and learn from feedback there would have been a different outcome. Lastly, I believe that Verwaayen could contribute organizational learning at Alcatel-Lucent varies ways. Verwaayen has a enormous knowledge of the organization’s marketplace as well as the stakeholders at Alcatel-Lucent.Verwaayen could teach management what it takes to run a successful business from his past experience. Learning from past mistakes within an organization is vital. Verwaayen should motivate managers to engage in entreprene urial intrapreneur spirit. Entrepreneurs have a high personality trait of openness to experience, meaning they are prone to be original, open minded, daring, and take risks. Also organizations need encourage intrapreneurship because it leads to organizational learning and innovation.In conclusion, Verwaayen made some great decisions as the CEO of Alcatel-Lucent during his time in power. He also empowered his managers to hire their own staff and gave them some responsibilities to seek out employees that had skill that are valuable to the company and allowed accountability for poor decision making. Verwaayen is instrumental in ending the Alcatel-Lucent hedge and investing heavily on 4G LTE technology. Verwaayen made some poor decisions that were not profitable for the company. I agree with the decision to ask Verwaayen to resign from his post in 2013.

Democratic Convention

Several dozens of years ago Conventions of parties were an important part of American political life. Although nowadays their role is a bit decreased, still the electors watch results of Conventions with great interest.Democratic Convention of this year gave possibility to John Kerry to introduce him to that part of American electorate, which doesn’t know him well. Still, the electorate knows quite well who is George Bush – as he was the President for 4 years.So, Republican Convention will not add much information to those opinions about Bush, which are already exist, although his speech is prominent, as usual and in some extent, shows him from a bit new point of view.We can see some changes in Conventions as well: last time directly at Conventions who candidates competed for nomination from Party – Jerald Ford and Ronald Reagan (it took place in 1976 and we are speaking about Republicans), but if approval of candidate changed into clear formality, can the Americ an political scientists continue to examine Convention as a key event of party political struggle?I think, to some extent it is correct, even if we take into account that candidate is usually determined to the beginning of Convention, and we are not expecting any surprises. It became a part of election campaign, but it is very important part of it.The Convention is a kind of enchanting sight which gives an opportunity to candidate to present his speech, where he will give idea of himself and his program, – and then it results his rating. Actually, Republican Convention is an answer to Democratic Convention, which took place in Boston from July 26 to July 29.It is quite difficult position: while George Bush can refer to his statement of service, John Kerry can refer only to his promises. But from the other side, if Bush’s statement of services can be interpreted not only to his favor, and many of electors treat it exactly to his disfavor, we have the struggle between re ality and promises.More then 35 thousand of people took part in Democratic Convention. During Convention they informed American society about life of John Kerry and John Edwards, about their great services to American society in the struggle for interests of middle-class and about their plans to build stronger and more independent America.Stephanie Tubbs-Jones told about plans to create new working places and economics, which will be more stable in interests of middle-classes. Tammy Baldwin presented program of cheaper and more affordable health-care system. Bob Menendez explained main points of Democratic program in the field of foreign policy.The most important event was final speech of candidate to President John Kerry, directly before procedure of official closure of Convention. The present structure of Convention was the most multi-national during the whole history of Party according to information of Democratic National Convention Committee (DNCC). More then 40% of participant s consisted of national minorities of the USA. More then 10 thousand of people registered as volunteers in order to help the party during Convention.Historically, Republicans had more strong positions at more rich and industrialized north of America, and Democrats – at more poor â€Å"village† south. But during the last 50 years their positions changed: Democrats dominate at the North of America and Republicans – at the South.Democrats lay special stress on expansion of governmental role, and Republicans lay stress on decreasing of governmental role, taxes, etc. Another point of differences is program of so-called â€Å"affirmative actions†. Democrats support giving advantages to race and other minorities when receiving job or education; – this was the reason that African-American gave their votes in their favor.Democrats consider themselves supporters and defenders of interests of working class and people with low income. Republicans present inter ests rather of business and wealthy citizens. Their party also includes Christian conservators.

B minor Mass Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

B minor Mass - Essay Example His positive position in the society had offered him opportunities to improve with his craft, including Mass in B-Minor. The composition is greatly influenced by the composer’s religious views, his personal connections and traditions of his time. About Mass in B-Minor The Mass in B minor was composed by Bach for the Roman Catholic Church. Although it is quite peculiar to think why a devout Lutheran would compose a song for the Catholics, Bach’s relationship with the rest of the society and his roles on it could justify this contrasting idea. The work is consisted of 27 sections divided into four major sections, and six of them are distinctively unchanging and all of which were written in different periods of Bach’s life. Therefore, it is logical to assume that the work is basically â€Å"an anthology† of music written by Bach in the late years of his life (Towe, 1991: 46). The major sections, â€Å"Kyrie,† â€Å"Gloria,† â€Å"Symbolum Nicen um or the Credo,† and â€Å"Sanctus, Hosanna, Benedictus, and Agnus Dei† were written for different purposes in different times; although all of which have a lot to do with the religious proceedings of the Catholic Mass. As how Spitta (n.d.) reviewed the composition, the work is â€Å"the ideal and ‘concentrated presentiment’ of the development of Christianity from Sin (Kyrie), through Atonement with Christ (Gloria), to the Church proceeding from him (Credo) and the memorial supper - the culmination of the doctrine (Sanctus...)† (as cited in Jenkins, 2001); while a lay-man observation would notice the pattern of life Christ followed: birth, death, and resurrection. Kyrie and Gloria Initially, the Kyrie and Gloria were written separately; it was not until 1733 that the two collections were put into one and played in a single setting and became the â€Å"two fifths of the entire work† (â€Å"History,† 2007). Kyrie and Gloria served as a à ¢â‚¬Å"presentation piece to the Elector of Saxony and King of Poland† with whom Bach had indulgence of being the Court Composer (Towe, 1991: 46). The Kyrie is presented to have charming duets of sopranos and interplay or strings and organ (Aylesbury Choral Society, 2004), of which Bach first gained his fame. It started out with a group of choral sopranos, where the ambiance can be best described as an act of awaiting for a predestined suffering; an event where Jesus Christ is particularly famed for. Talbeck (n.d.) noted that the second part of the Kyrie has â€Å"fugal style weaves all voice parts beautifully around the text, portraying a community grounded in hope.† The major sections were divided into several cantatas, which probably were composed also at different times. Most notably, his â€Å"Gloria,† as how the Aylesbury Choral Society (2004) predicts, â€Å"was probably reworked from a now lost instrumental movement.† The cantatas have duets of teno rs, sopranos, a combination of both, and an exploration of other voice ranges to suit the purpose. Symbolum Nicenum The introduction of the â€Å"Symbolum Nicenum† has a slower tempo, where the strings were audibly significant, compared to that of â€Å"Gloria† and denotes ascendance to the throne. The original text is in Latin, but if translated into English, it is known to be the Apostle’s Creed (e.g. Credo in unum Deum, Patrem omnipotentem as I believe in one God, Father Almighty in English). Thus, the Symbolum Nicenum is also known as the â€Å"